The inclusion and consideration of cultural differences and health inequalities in physical activity behaviour in the UK - the impact of guidelines and initiatives

Despite widespread attempts from governments and leading health organisations worldwide to promote equity in healthy living medicine, the evidence suggests that attempts to curb worsening public health have been almost entirely ineffective. Despite significant advancements in knowledge, medicine, and technology, as well as the promotion of guidelines and the implementation of numerous global initiatives aimed at addressing health disparities and mitigating the progression of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide, substantial work remains to be undertaken particularly in addressing inequalities in physical activity. Achieving equitable access to health resources and parity in health outcomes remains a critical and unresolved challenge. Whilst it is recognized that the public health paradigm is broad and complex, with many intersecting and interacting parts, the actions and considerations required to address the urgent and escalating scale of the problem appear at a crossroads of now or never. Throughout this narrative review, we describe the effectiveness of landmark physical activity-related guidelines, policies and national interventions that have been implemented since the turn of the century to address physical activity behaviour in the context of health inequalities. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.]