Testing a novel haptic tram master controller technology via virtual reality: feasibility and user acceptance considerations

Purpose: Virtual Reality (VR) has been explored as a training and testing environment in a range of work contexts, and increasingly so in transport. There is, however, a lack of research exploring the role of VR in the training of tram drivers, and in providing an environment in which advances in tram technology can be tested safely. This research sought to test a novel haptic tram master controller within a tram-based VR environment (VE).

Design/methodology/approach: The master controller is the primary mechanism for operating a tram, and its effective manipulation can significantly influence the comfort and well-being of passengers, as well as the overall safety of the tram system. Here, we tested a haptically-enhanced master controller that provides additional sensory information with 16 tram drivers. The feasibility and user acceptance of the novel technology were determined through surveys.

Findings: The results indicate that the haptic master controller is seen as beneficial with the drivers suggesting that it could enhance their driving and demonstrating good acceptance. The VE has provided a potential training environment that was accepted by the drivers and did not cause adverse effects (e.g., sickness).

Research limitations/implications: Although our study involved actual tram drivers from a local tram company, we acknowledge that the sample size was small, and additional research is needed to broaden perspectives and gather more user feedback. Furthermore, while our study focused on subjective feedback to gauge user acceptance of the new haptic technology, we agree that future evaluations should incorporate additional objective measures.

Practical implications: The insights gained from this VE-based research can contribute to future training scenarios and inform the development of technology used in real-world tram operations.

Originality/value: Through this investigation, we showed the broader possibilities of haptics in enhancing the functionality and user experience of various technological devices, while also contributing to the advancement of tram systems for safer and more efficient urban mobility.