Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Yang Hua; Sida Zhou; Yi Huang; Xinhua Liu; Heping Ling; Xinan Zhou; Cheng Zhang; Shichun Yang

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753

Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Yang Hua, Sida Zhou, Yi Huang, Xinhua Liu, Heping Ling, Xinan Zhou, Cheng Zhang, Shichun Yang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

130 Citations (Scopus)

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Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles due to the advantages of high energy/power densities, high reliability and long service life. However, considering that a massive number of LIBs will likely retire and enter the waste stream in the near future, the handling of end-of-life LIBs must be taken carefully. The effective utilization of retired LIBs, which still remain about 70–80% of the initial capacity, can extend battery life, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. Herein, this review provides a systematic discussion on the circular value chain (CVC) of spent LIBs, and proposes a 5R principle entailing reduce, redesign, remanufacturing, repurpose and recycling in the CVC process. Then the state-of-the-art technologies for remanufacturing, and a thorough summary of key issues and applications of repurpose process, are presented in detail. Subsequently, this article presents a comprehensive discussion on the recycling process, including pre-treatments and mainstream recycling technologies, from the prospects of technical, economic and regulation perspectives. Advanced technologies such as big data, block chain and cloud-based services, as well as the improvement of regulation and standardization processes, are required to solve the issues. Finally, the future challenges and prospects for sustainable CVC are highlighted.

Original language	English
Article number	228753
Journal	Journal of Power Sources
Volume	478
Early online date	22 Aug 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753
Publication status	Published - 1 Dec 2020

Bibliographical note

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Power Sources. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Power Sources, 478, (2020) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753

© 2020, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Funder

National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB0100300), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U1864213)

Keywords

Lithium-ion battery
Recycling
Repurpose
Remanufacturing
Circular value chain

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753

Post-PrintAccepted author manuscript, 918 KBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

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title = "Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles",

abstract = "Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles due to the advantages of high energy/power densities, high reliability and long service life. However, considering that a massive number of LIBs will likely retire and enter the waste stream in the near future, the handling of end-of-life LIBs must be taken carefully. The effective utilization of retired LIBs, which still remain about 70–80% of the initial capacity, can extend battery life, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. Herein, this review provides a systematic discussion on the circular value chain (CVC) of spent LIBs, and proposes a 5R principle entailing reduce, redesign, remanufacturing, repurpose and recycling in the CVC process. Then the state-of-the-art technologies for remanufacturing, and a thorough summary of key issues and applications of repurpose process, are presented in detail. Subsequently, this article presents a comprehensive discussion on the recycling process, including pre-treatments and mainstream recycling technologies, from the prospects of technical, economic and regulation perspectives. Advanced technologies such as big data, block chain and cloud-based services, as well as the improvement of regulation and standardization processes, are required to solve the issues. Finally, the future challenges and prospects for sustainable CVC are highlighted.",

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author = "Yang Hua and Sida Zhou and Yi Huang and Xinhua Liu and Heping Ling and Xinan Zhou and Cheng Zhang and Shichun Yang",

note = "NOTICE: this is the author{\textquoteright}s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Power Sources. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Power Sources, 478, (2020) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753 {\textcopyright} 2020, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ",

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AU - Hua, Yang

AU - Zhou, Sida

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AU - Liu, Xinhua

AU - Ling, Heping

AU - Zhou, Xinan

AU - Zhang, Cheng

AU - Yang, Shichun

N1 - NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Power Sources. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Power Sources, 478, (2020) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753 © 2020, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

PY - 2020/12/1

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N2 - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles due to the advantages of high energy/power densities, high reliability and long service life. However, considering that a massive number of LIBs will likely retire and enter the waste stream in the near future, the handling of end-of-life LIBs must be taken carefully. The effective utilization of retired LIBs, which still remain about 70–80% of the initial capacity, can extend battery life, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. Herein, this review provides a systematic discussion on the circular value chain (CVC) of spent LIBs, and proposes a 5R principle entailing reduce, redesign, remanufacturing, repurpose and recycling in the CVC process. Then the state-of-the-art technologies for remanufacturing, and a thorough summary of key issues and applications of repurpose process, are presented in detail. Subsequently, this article presents a comprehensive discussion on the recycling process, including pre-treatments and mainstream recycling technologies, from the prospects of technical, economic and regulation perspectives. Advanced technologies such as big data, block chain and cloud-based services, as well as the improvement of regulation and standardization processes, are required to solve the issues. Finally, the future challenges and prospects for sustainable CVC are highlighted.

AB - Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles due to the advantages of high energy/power densities, high reliability and long service life. However, considering that a massive number of LIBs will likely retire and enter the waste stream in the near future, the handling of end-of-life LIBs must be taken carefully. The effective utilization of retired LIBs, which still remain about 70–80% of the initial capacity, can extend battery life, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. Herein, this review provides a systematic discussion on the circular value chain (CVC) of spent LIBs, and proposes a 5R principle entailing reduce, redesign, remanufacturing, repurpose and recycling in the CVC process. Then the state-of-the-art technologies for remanufacturing, and a thorough summary of key issues and applications of repurpose process, are presented in detail. Subsequently, this article presents a comprehensive discussion on the recycling process, including pre-treatments and mainstream recycling technologies, from the prospects of technical, economic and regulation perspectives. Advanced technologies such as big data, block chain and cloud-based services, as well as the improvement of regulation and standardization processes, are required to solve the issues. Finally, the future challenges and prospects for sustainable CVC are highlighted.

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DO - 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753

M3 - Review article

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VL - 478

JO - Journal of Power Sources

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M1 - 228753

ER -

Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funder

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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