Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran

Faezeh  Mahdad; Alireza  Riyahi Bakhtiari; Mazaher  Moeinaddini; Sue Charlesworth

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16336-6

Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran

Faezeh Mahdad, Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari, Mazaher Moeinaddini, Sue Charlesworth

Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience

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Abstract

Street dust resuspension is one of the main sources of particulate matter with impacts on air quality, health, and climate. This research was aimed to determine the concentration, source, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Mashhad city. To this end, USEPA-regulated 16 PAHs were measured in 84 dust samples using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The source of Σ16PAHs was identified using diagnostic ratios (DRs), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and principal component analysis (PCA). The measured Σ16PAHs demonstrated different spatial concentrations (from 1,005 to 9,138.96 μg kg⁻¹) and showed higher levels in summer (1,206.21–9,138.96 μg kg⁻¹), although 4-ring
PAHs exhibited maximum levels in both summer and winter. The findings revealed that the dust-deposited PAHs are predominantly emitted through combustion of fossil fuels (such as diesel and gasoline) and natural gas. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed by considering three possible exposure routes separately for children and adults and calculated
carcinogenic risk values of 2.24E−06 and 2.14E−06, respectively. ILCR is above the baseline value (1.0E-06) for children and adults in both seasons.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	13279-13291
Number of pages	13
Journal	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Volume	29
Issue number	9
Early online date	28 Sept 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16336-6
Publication status	Published - Feb 2022

Bibliographical note

Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.

This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

Funder

Keywords

Air pollution
Health risk assessment
PAHs
Source apportionment
Street dust

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Environmental Chemistry
Pollution
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

UN SDGs

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10.1007/s11356-021-16336-6

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Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran. / Mahdad, Faezeh ; Riyahi Bakhtiari, Alireza ; Moeinaddini, Mazaher et al.
In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 29, No. 9, 02.2022, p. 13279-13291.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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title = "Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran",

abstract = "Street dust resuspension is one of the main sources of particulate matter with impacts on air quality, health, and climate. This research was aimed to determine the concentration, source, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust of Mashhad city. To this end, USEPA-regulated 16 PAHs were measured in 84 dust samples using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The source of Σ16PAHs was identified using diagnostic ratios (DRs), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and principal component analysis (PCA). The measured Σ16PAHs demonstrated different spatial concentrations (from 1,005 to 9,138.96 μg kg−1) and showed higher levels in summer (1,206.21–9,138.96 μg kg−1), although 4-ringPAHs exhibited maximum levels in both summer and winter. The findings revealed that the dust-deposited PAHs are predominantly emitted through combustion of fossil fuels (such as diesel and gasoline) and natural gas. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed by considering three possible exposure routes separately for children and adults and calculatedcarcinogenic risk values of 2.24E−06 and 2.14E−06, respectively. ILCR is above the baseline value (1.0E-06) for children and adults in both seasons.",

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AU - Moeinaddini, Mazaher

AU - Charlesworth, Sue

N1 - Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

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ER -

Seasonal occurrence, source apportionment, and cancer risk assessment of PAHs in the second largest international holy metropolitan: Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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