Resilient Coastal Protection Infrastructures: Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis of Wave Overtopping Using Gaussian Process Surrogate Models

This paper presents a novel mathematical framework for assessing and predicting the resilience of critical coastal infrastructures against wave overtopping hazards and extreme climatic events. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis model is developed to evaluate the relative influence of hydrodynamic, geomorphological, and structural factors contributing to wave overtopping dynamics. Additionally, a stochastic Gaussian process (GP) model is introduced to predict the mean overtopping discharge from coastal defences. Both the sensitivity analysis and the predictive models are validated using a large homogeneous dataset comprising 163 laboratory and field-scale tests. Statistical evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of the GPs in identifying key parameters driving wave overtopping and predicting mean discharge rates, outperforming existing regression-based formulae. The proposed model offers a robust predictive tool for assessing the performance of critical coastal protection infrastructures under various climate scenarios.