Phosphazene as an effective flame retardant for rapid curing epoxy resins

Seyed Mohsen Seraji; Houlei Gan; Samuel R. Swan; Russell J. Varley

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910

Phosphazene as an effective flame retardant for rapid curing epoxy resins

Seyed Mohsen Seraji
, Houlei Gan
, Samuel R. Swan
, Russell J. Varley

Deakin University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

73 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

A rapid curing, low viscosity epoxy amine resin developed for high pressure resin transfer moulding composite fabrication possessing good thermal and mechanical properties and excellent flame retardancy after cure is presented here. The resin system consists of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF), an epoxy phenolic novolac resin and diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA), while rapid cure is enabled by 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2E4MI) catalysis. The fire-retardant additive, a crystalline powder, hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) produces only a small increase in viscosity and regardless of additive concentration, the formulations are less than 200 mPas at processing temperatures of between 80 and 125 °C. Using the UL-94 vertical burn test, a V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 36.2% were achieved using only 10 phr HPCTP. Indeed at 20 phr of HPCTP an LOI of 43.6% was achieved. The HPCTP additive remains miscible in the network after cure which reduces reactivity modestly and the glass transition temperature (T_g), but the flexural properties, including modulus, strength and strain to failure, either increase modestly or were unaffected.

Original language	English
Article number	104910
Number of pages	11
Journal	Reactive and Functional Polymers
Volume	164
Early online date	17 Apr 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910
Publication status	Published - Jul 2021
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.

Funder

Funding Information:
This work was supported by grants from the financial support provided by Victoria-Jiangsu Program for Technology and Innovation R&D. The authors acknowledge Deakin University's Advanced Characterization Facility for the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the financial support provided by Victoria-Jiangsu Program for Technology and Innovation R&D. The authors acknowledge Deakin University's Advanced Characterization Facility for the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This work was supported by grants from the financial support provided by Victoria-Jiangsu Program for Technology and Innovation R&D . The authors acknowledge Deakin University's Advanced Characterization Facility for the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Keywords

Flame retardancy
Hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene
Limiting oxygen index
Low viscosity
Rapid cure
UL-04

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry
Biochemistry
General Chemical Engineering
Polymers and Plastics
Materials Chemistry

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10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910

Cite this

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title = "Phosphazene as an effective flame retardant for rapid curing epoxy resins",

abstract = "A rapid curing, low viscosity epoxy amine resin developed for high pressure resin transfer moulding composite fabrication possessing good thermal and mechanical properties and excellent flame retardancy after cure is presented here. The resin system consists of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF), an epoxy phenolic novolac resin and diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA), while rapid cure is enabled by 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2E4MI) catalysis. The fire-retardant additive, a crystalline powder, hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) produces only a small increase in viscosity and regardless of additive concentration, the formulations are less than 200 mPas at processing temperatures of between 80 and 125 °C. Using the UL-94 vertical burn test, a V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 36.2\% were achieved using only 10 phr HPCTP. Indeed at 20 phr of HPCTP an LOI of 43.6\% was achieved. The HPCTP additive remains miscible in the network after cure which reduces reactivity modestly and the glass transition temperature (Tg), but the flexural properties, including modulus, strength and strain to failure, either increase modestly or were unaffected.",

keywords = "Flame retardancy, Hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene, Limiting oxygen index, Low viscosity, Rapid cure, UL-04",

author = "Seraji, \{Seyed Mohsen\} and Houlei Gan and Swan, \{Samuel R.\} and Varley, \{Russell J.\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2021",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910",

language = "English",

volume = "164",

journal = "Reactive and Functional Polymers",

issn = "1381-5148",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Phosphazene as an effective flame retardant for rapid curing epoxy resins

AU - Seraji, Seyed Mohsen

AU - Gan, Houlei

AU - Swan, Samuel R.

AU - Varley, Russell J.

PY - 2021/7

Y1 - 2021/7

N2 - A rapid curing, low viscosity epoxy amine resin developed for high pressure resin transfer moulding composite fabrication possessing good thermal and mechanical properties and excellent flame retardancy after cure is presented here. The resin system consists of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF), an epoxy phenolic novolac resin and diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA), while rapid cure is enabled by 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2E4MI) catalysis. The fire-retardant additive, a crystalline powder, hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) produces only a small increase in viscosity and regardless of additive concentration, the formulations are less than 200 mPas at processing temperatures of between 80 and 125 °C. Using the UL-94 vertical burn test, a V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 36.2% were achieved using only 10 phr HPCTP. Indeed at 20 phr of HPCTP an LOI of 43.6% was achieved. The HPCTP additive remains miscible in the network after cure which reduces reactivity modestly and the glass transition temperature (Tg), but the flexural properties, including modulus, strength and strain to failure, either increase modestly or were unaffected.

AB - A rapid curing, low viscosity epoxy amine resin developed for high pressure resin transfer moulding composite fabrication possessing good thermal and mechanical properties and excellent flame retardancy after cure is presented here. The resin system consists of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF), an epoxy phenolic novolac resin and diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA), while rapid cure is enabled by 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2E4MI) catalysis. The fire-retardant additive, a crystalline powder, hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) produces only a small increase in viscosity and regardless of additive concentration, the formulations are less than 200 mPas at processing temperatures of between 80 and 125 °C. Using the UL-94 vertical burn test, a V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 36.2% were achieved using only 10 phr HPCTP. Indeed at 20 phr of HPCTP an LOI of 43.6% was achieved. The HPCTP additive remains miscible in the network after cure which reduces reactivity modestly and the glass transition temperature (Tg), but the flexural properties, including modulus, strength and strain to failure, either increase modestly or were unaffected.

KW - Flame retardancy

KW - Hexaphenoxy cyclotriphosphazene

KW - Limiting oxygen index

KW - Low viscosity

KW - Rapid cure

KW - UL-04

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U2 - 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910

DO - 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85104315196

SN - 1381-5148

VL - 164

JO - Reactive and Functional Polymers

JF - Reactive and Functional Polymers

M1 - 104910

ER -

Phosphazene as an effective flame retardant for rapid curing epoxy resins

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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