Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Diagnosing Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a term that relates to a large number of pathological changes in the microvessels of the brain. With advances in technology in terms of hardware, imaging processing algorithms, and data science, new biomarkers associated with CSVD have been extracted from neuroimaging data. This chapter provides an overview of neuroimaging modalities for CSVD, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion MRI, iron imaging, myelin imaging, cerebrovascular reactivity imaging, and vessel wall imaging. It also discusses existing and emerging or novel biomarkers from the different investigation modalities. We evaluate the diagnostic values of these neuroimaging biomarkers from a clinical perspective and summarize the limitations as well as future directions.