Modelling the direct and indirect associations between anthropometric and behavioural factors when predicting atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio

Alan M. Nevill; Michael Duncan; Gavin R.H. Sandercock

doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0

Modelling the direct and indirect associations between anthropometric and behavioural factors when predicting atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio

Alan M. Nevill
, Michael Duncan
, Gavin R.H. Sandercock

University of Wolverhampton
University of Essex

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Objectives: To identify the association between body size and atherogenic risk index (Total Cholesterol/ High Density Lipoprotein (TC/HDL) ratio) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD).
Methods: Allometric models were used to reveal the association between body size and social behaviours associated with TC:HDL based on the effect sizes obtained from the log-transformed allometric models. Mediation analysis was used to explain why moderate (MPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA) were strongly associated with body size dimensions or directly associated with TC/HDL.
Results: An allometric model for the atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio identified waist circumference (WC) and smoking as having the strongest association (strongest effect sizes) with cholesterol-related indices and hence IHD. A strong negative exponent or effect associated with height was also identified, suggesting that taller individuals will inherently have lower cholesterol-related indices. The mediation analysis identified that MPA and VPA were both strongly associated with reducing WC but only VPA was directly associated with the TC/HDL.
Conclusions: These results confirm that taller, non-smokers who have smaller WC are more likely to have a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio and hence be at reduced risk of IHD. Participation in regular moderate activity to reduce their WC is not necessarily or directly associated with lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) and hence a lower risk of IHD. Being taller with smaller WC, possibly but not necessarily due to taking MVPA, was associated with a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio and hence have lower risk of IHD.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1856-1863
Number of pages	8
Journal	International Journal of Obesity
Volume	49
Issue number	9
Early online date	5 Jul 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0
Publication status	Published - Sept 2025

Bibliographical note

Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0

Access to Document

10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0

Duncan2025AAMAccepted author manuscript, 1.02 MB

Cite this

@article{3b56cbe2bfd743249d8dd13cf53c8cbd,

title = "Modelling the direct and indirect associations between anthropometric and behavioural factors when predicting atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio",

abstract = "Objectives: To identify the association between body size and atherogenic risk index (Total Cholesterol/ High Density Lipoprotein (TC/HDL) ratio) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Allometric models were used to reveal the association between body size and social behaviours associated with TC:HDL based on the effect sizes obtained from the log-transformed allometric models. Mediation analysis was used to explain why moderate (MPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA) were strongly associated with body size dimensions or directly associated with TC/HDL. Results: An allometric model for the atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio identified waist circumference (WC) and smoking as having the strongest association (strongest effect sizes) with cholesterol-related indices and hence IHD. A strong negative exponent or effect associated with height was also identified, suggesting that taller individuals will inherently have lower cholesterol-related indices. The mediation analysis identified that MPA and VPA were both strongly associated with reducing WC but only VPA was directly associated with the TC/HDL. Conclusions: These results confirm that taller, non-smokers who have smaller WC are more likely to have a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio and hence be at reduced risk of IHD. Participation in regular moderate activity to reduce their WC is not necessarily or directly associated with lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) and hence a lower risk of IHD. Being taller with smaller WC, possibly but not necessarily due to taking MVPA, was associated with a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio and hence have lower risk of IHD. ",

author = "Nevill, \{Alan M.\} and Michael Duncan and Sandercock, \{Gavin R.H.\}",

note = " Copyright {\textcopyright} and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0 ",

year = "2025",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0",

language = "English",

volume = "49",

pages = "1856--1863",

journal = "International Journal of Obesity",

issn = "0307-0565",

publisher = "Springer Nature",

number = "9",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Modelling the direct and indirect associations between anthropometric and behavioural factors when predicting atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio

AU - Nevill, Alan M.

AU - Duncan, Michael

AU - Sandercock, Gavin R.H.

N1 - Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0

PY - 2025/9

Y1 - 2025/9

N2 - Objectives: To identify the association between body size and atherogenic risk index (Total Cholesterol/ High Density Lipoprotein (TC/HDL) ratio) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Allometric models were used to reveal the association between body size and social behaviours associated with TC:HDL based on the effect sizes obtained from the log-transformed allometric models. Mediation analysis was used to explain why moderate (MPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA) were strongly associated with body size dimensions or directly associated with TC/HDL. Results: An allometric model for the atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio identified waist circumference (WC) and smoking as having the strongest association (strongest effect sizes) with cholesterol-related indices and hence IHD. A strong negative exponent or effect associated with height was also identified, suggesting that taller individuals will inherently have lower cholesterol-related indices. The mediation analysis identified that MPA and VPA were both strongly associated with reducing WC but only VPA was directly associated with the TC/HDL. Conclusions: These results confirm that taller, non-smokers who have smaller WC are more likely to have a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio and hence be at reduced risk of IHD. Participation in regular moderate activity to reduce their WC is not necessarily or directly associated with lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) and hence a lower risk of IHD. Being taller with smaller WC, possibly but not necessarily due to taking MVPA, was associated with a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio and hence have lower risk of IHD.

AB - Objectives: To identify the association between body size and atherogenic risk index (Total Cholesterol/ High Density Lipoprotein (TC/HDL) ratio) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: Allometric models were used to reveal the association between body size and social behaviours associated with TC:HDL based on the effect sizes obtained from the log-transformed allometric models. Mediation analysis was used to explain why moderate (MPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA) were strongly associated with body size dimensions or directly associated with TC/HDL. Results: An allometric model for the atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio identified waist circumference (WC) and smoking as having the strongest association (strongest effect sizes) with cholesterol-related indices and hence IHD. A strong negative exponent or effect associated with height was also identified, suggesting that taller individuals will inherently have lower cholesterol-related indices. The mediation analysis identified that MPA and VPA were both strongly associated with reducing WC but only VPA was directly associated with the TC/HDL. Conclusions: These results confirm that taller, non-smokers who have smaller WC are more likely to have a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) ratio and hence be at reduced risk of IHD. Participation in regular moderate activity to reduce their WC is not necessarily or directly associated with lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL) and hence a lower risk of IHD. Being taller with smaller WC, possibly but not necessarily due to taking MVPA, was associated with a lower atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio and hence have lower risk of IHD.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105009624837

U2 - 10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0

DO - 10.1038/s41366-025-01835-0

M3 - Article

SN - 0307-0565

VL - 49

SP - 1856

EP - 1863

JO - International Journal of Obesity

JF - International Journal of Obesity

IS - 9

ER -

Modelling the direct and indirect associations between anthropometric and behavioural factors when predicting atherogenic risk index (TC/HDL-C) ratio

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this