Abstract
Rapid depletion in fossil fuels, inflation in petroleum prices, and rising energy demand have forced towards alternative transport fuels. Among these alternative fuels, diesel-ethanol and diesel-biodiesel blends gain the most attention due to their quality characteristics and environmentally friendly nature. The viscosity and density of these biodiesel blends are slightly higher than diesel, which is a significant barrier to the commercialization of biodiesel. In this study, the density and viscosity of 30 different ternary biodiesel blends was investigated at 15 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Different density and viscosity models were developed and tested on biodiesel blends soured from different feedstock's including palm, coconut, soybean, mustard, and calophyllum oils. The prognostic ability and precisions of these developed models was assessed statistically using Absolute Percentage Error (APE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The MAPE of 0.045% and 0.085% for density model and 1.85%, 1.41%, 3.48% and 2.27%, 1.85%, 3.50% for viscosity models were obtained on % volume and % mass basis. These developed correlations are useful for ternary biodiesel blends where alcohols are the part of biodiesel blends. The modeled values of densities and viscosities of ternary blends were significantly comparable with the measured densities and viscosities, which are feasible to avoid the harm of vehicles' operability.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 5186 |
| Number of pages | 5186 |
| Journal | Sustainability |
| Volume | 12 |
| Issue number | 12 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 25 Jun 2020 |
Bibliographical note
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Funding
M.F.(MuhammadFarooq);Ausoftwarthor Coe,ntribF.S., M.I.;utionsvalidation,: For research A.E.A,articlesM.T.H.with andseM.E.M.S.;veral authformalors, a analysis,short paragL.R.rapandh specifying their individual M.F. (Muhammad Farooq); investigation, M.F. (Muhammad Farooq) and M.A.K.; resources, F.S. and M.I.; data contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used \u201CConceptualization, L.R., M.Farooq curation, M.A.K.; writing\u2014original draft preparation, L.R. and M.F. (Muhammad Farooq); writing\u2014review and editing, M.F. (Muhammadand FarMhan),.A.MM.A.M.;; methodovisualization,logy, M.A.K,A.E.A.;M. Farsupervision,ooq; softwareM.A.K., F.S, andM.I.M; .validF. (Muhammadation, A.E.A, M.T.H. and M.E.M.S.; Farhan); project administrfaotiromna, lF a.Sn.aalnydsisM, L.A.R.Ka.n; dfuMnd. iFnagroaocqqu; iinsivteiosnti,gMat.iAon.K, M. a.nFdarFo.So.qAalnl aduMth.oAr.sKh.;arveesoreuardceasn, Fd.S and M.I..; data curation, agreedtothepublishedversionM. A. K.of.the; writimanuscript.ng\u2014original draft preparation, L.R and M. Farooq; writing\u2014review and editing, M. Farhan, M. Funding:TheauthorswouA.ldMlike.; vistoualizthankation, theAFaculty.E.A.; sofupEngerviineeringsion, M.A.atK theand UniversityM. Farhanof;project Malaya,adMalaysiaministration,for F.S and M.A.K.; funding their support through thearecqseuairscithiognr,a Mnt.Ano.KG aPnFd0 1F8.SA.-A20ll1a9u. thors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u201D ConflictsofInterest:TheFuauthorsnding:declarThe authe noors conflictwouldof interlike toest.thank the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Malaya, Malaysia for their support through the research grant no GPF018A-2019.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Universiti Malaya | GPF018A-2019 |
| Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | PTDC/CCI-BIO/29266/2017 |
Keywords
- Biodiesel
- Density
- Diesel
- Ethanol
- Models
- Ternary blends
- Viscosity
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geography, Planning and Development
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
- Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
