Modeling active GPCR conformations

The most significant advance in modeling GPCR active states has been the β₂-adrenergic receptor-Gs complex as this essentially transforms active-state modeling into homology modeling. Various different molecular dynamics-based approaches for modeling active states are presented, and a number of key applications discussed. These simulations have given insights into the activation pathway, conformational changes, dimerization, hydration, the ionic lock, ligand binding, protonation, and sodium binding. Crystallography and simulations have shown that the presence of agonist alone is unlikely to be sufficient to form the active state and that restraints applied to the G protein-binding region are required. The role of various microswitches in activation is discussed, including the controversial rotamer toggle switch. The importance of explicitly simulating experimental molecular probes to understand activation is highlighted, along with the need to ensure that such molecules are well parameterized. Approaches to loop modeling are discussed. We argue that the role of successful virtual screening against active models should not be overestimated as the main conformational changes on activation occur in the intracellular region.