MIR and Vis/NIR spectroscopy cannot authenticate organic bulk milk

Carmen L. Manuelian; Vania Vigolo; Federico Righi; Marica Simoni; Sara Burbi; Massimo De Marchi

doi:10.1080/1828051X.2021.1954559

MIR and Vis/NIR spectroscopy cannot authenticate organic bulk milk

Carmen L. Manuelian, Vania Vigolo, Federico Righi, Marica Simoni, Sara Burbi, Massimo De Marchi

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of mid-infrared (MIR; 5000–900 cm⁻¹) and visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR; 400–2500 nm) spectroscopy to discriminate organic (ORG) from conventional (CONV) bulk milk. Samples (n = 225) from 24 farms (ORG, n = 12; CONV, n = 12) located in the same area, mainly rearing Holstein-Friesian cows, under similar management conditions, except for ORG livestock spending a period of time on pasture, were collected from September 2019 to August 2020. Chemical composition of the lactation ration was similar between groups. Mid-infrared and Vis/NIR spectrum of each sample were collected. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were done using R software. For the PLS-DA, records were divided in a train set (8 farms/group) and a test set (4 farms/group), and only wavelengths with VIP >1 were retained. The PCA was not able to discriminate both groups. The PLS-DA revealed an accuracy of the model in the test set of 54.1% and 62.9%, for MIR and Vis/NIR, respectively. In conclusion, both infrared regions performed similarly, and the moderate accuracy of the PLS-DA could be related to the similarity of the selected farms between both categories.Highlights Infrared spectra from bulk milk samples of organic and conventional farms were similar. Low accuracy using partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Both MIR and Vis/NIR infrared regions performed similarly.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1810-1816
Number of pages	7
Journal	Italian Journal of Animal Science
Volume	20
Issue number	1
Early online date	20 Oct 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1954559
Publication status	Published - 2021

Bibliographical note

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funder

Funding Information:
This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, Grant Agreement No. 774340 for the Organic-PLUS project. The Vis/NIR spectrometer DS2500 was funded by Progetto di Eccellenza "Centro per l'Agricoltura, la Sostenibilita e gli Alimenti" (CASA), CUP C26C18000190001, MIUR, Italy). The authors thank Granarolo S.p.A. (Bologna, Italy) for providing the samples.

Keywords

Infrared
organic milk
PCA
PLS-DA

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Animal Science and Zoology

Access to Document

10.1080/1828051X.2021.1954559Licence: CC BY

PublishedFinal published version, 310 KBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "MIR and Vis/NIR spectroscopy cannot authenticate organic bulk milk",

abstract = "This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of mid-infrared (MIR; 5000–900 cm−1) and visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR; 400–2500 nm) spectroscopy to discriminate organic (ORG) from conventional (CONV) bulk milk. Samples (n = 225) from 24 farms (ORG, n = 12; CONV, n = 12) located in the same area, mainly rearing Holstein-Friesian cows, under similar management conditions, except for ORG livestock spending a period of time on pasture, were collected from September 2019 to August 2020. Chemical composition of the lactation ration was similar between groups. Mid-infrared and Vis/NIR spectrum of each sample were collected. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were done using R software. For the PLS-DA, records were divided in a train set (8 farms/group) and a test set (4 farms/group), and only wavelengths with VIP >1 were retained. The PCA was not able to discriminate both groups. The PLS-DA revealed an accuracy of the model in the test set of 54.1% and 62.9%, for MIR and Vis/NIR, respectively. In conclusion, both infrared regions performed similarly, and the moderate accuracy of the PLS-DA could be related to the similarity of the selected farms between both categories.Highlights Infrared spectra from bulk milk samples of organic and conventional farms were similar. Low accuracy using partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Both MIR and Vis/NIR infrared regions performed similarly.",

keywords = "Infrared, organic milk, PCA, PLS-DA",

author = "Manuelian, {Carmen L.} and Vania Vigolo and Federico Righi and Marica Simoni and Sara Burbi and {De Marchi}, Massimo",

note = "This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.",

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AU - Manuelian, Carmen L.

AU - Vigolo, Vania

AU - Righi, Federico

AU - Simoni, Marica

AU - Burbi, Sara

AU - De Marchi, Massimo

N1 - This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of mid-infrared (MIR; 5000–900 cm−1) and visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR; 400–2500 nm) spectroscopy to discriminate organic (ORG) from conventional (CONV) bulk milk. Samples (n = 225) from 24 farms (ORG, n = 12; CONV, n = 12) located in the same area, mainly rearing Holstein-Friesian cows, under similar management conditions, except for ORG livestock spending a period of time on pasture, were collected from September 2019 to August 2020. Chemical composition of the lactation ration was similar between groups. Mid-infrared and Vis/NIR spectrum of each sample were collected. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were done using R software. For the PLS-DA, records were divided in a train set (8 farms/group) and a test set (4 farms/group), and only wavelengths with VIP >1 were retained. The PCA was not able to discriminate both groups. The PLS-DA revealed an accuracy of the model in the test set of 54.1% and 62.9%, for MIR and Vis/NIR, respectively. In conclusion, both infrared regions performed similarly, and the moderate accuracy of the PLS-DA could be related to the similarity of the selected farms between both categories.Highlights Infrared spectra from bulk milk samples of organic and conventional farms were similar. Low accuracy using partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Both MIR and Vis/NIR infrared regions performed similarly.

AB - This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of mid-infrared (MIR; 5000–900 cm−1) and visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR; 400–2500 nm) spectroscopy to discriminate organic (ORG) from conventional (CONV) bulk milk. Samples (n = 225) from 24 farms (ORG, n = 12; CONV, n = 12) located in the same area, mainly rearing Holstein-Friesian cows, under similar management conditions, except for ORG livestock spending a period of time on pasture, were collected from September 2019 to August 2020. Chemical composition of the lactation ration was similar between groups. Mid-infrared and Vis/NIR spectrum of each sample were collected. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were done using R software. For the PLS-DA, records were divided in a train set (8 farms/group) and a test set (4 farms/group), and only wavelengths with VIP >1 were retained. The PCA was not able to discriminate both groups. The PLS-DA revealed an accuracy of the model in the test set of 54.1% and 62.9%, for MIR and Vis/NIR, respectively. In conclusion, both infrared regions performed similarly, and the moderate accuracy of the PLS-DA could be related to the similarity of the selected farms between both categories.Highlights Infrared spectra from bulk milk samples of organic and conventional farms were similar. Low accuracy using partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Both MIR and Vis/NIR infrared regions performed similarly.

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VL - 20

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EP - 1816

JO - Italian Journal of Animal Science

JF - Italian Journal of Animal Science

IS - 1

ER -

MIR and Vis/NIR spectroscopy cannot authenticate organic bulk milk

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funder

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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Fingerprint

Organic-PLUS: Pathways to phase-out contentious inputs from organic agriculture in Europe

Cite this

MIR and Vis/NIR spectroscopy cannot authenticate organic bulk milk

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funder

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

Organic-PLUS: Pathways to phase-out contentious inputs from organic agriculture in Europe

Cite this