Incentives for quick penetration of electric vehicles in five European countries: perceptions from experts and stakeholders.

On the basis of 143 responses from experts and stakeholders from Germany, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands and the UK, we assess the perceived impact of a range of incentives for the uptake of electric vehicles (EVs). We find that the incentive that most respondents consider to have a positive impact is the development of charging infrastructure, with 75% stating so. This is followed by purchase subsidies, to narrow the difference in price of an EV and that of an internal combustion engine vehicle, with 68% of respondents stating that they have a strong or at least a partial positive impact. Pilot/trial/demonstrations of EVs, to expose potential buyers to EVs, are also perceived to have a positive effect, with 66% of respondents stating so. Tax incentives, which like purchase subsidies, narrow the gap between the total operating cost of an EV and that of a conventional vehicle, are also perceived to have a positive impact by 65% of respondents. Other incentives that are perceived to have a positive influence include climate change and air quality policies, consumer information schemes and differential taxation applied to various fuels and energy vectors.