In situ monitoring the effects of Ti6A14V powder oxidation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Gowtham Soundarapandiyan; Chu Lun Alex Leung; Carol Johnston; Bo Chen; Raja H.U. Khan; Phil McNutt; Alisha Bhatt; Robert C. Atwood; Peter D. Lee; Michael Fitzpatrick

doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104049

In situ monitoring the effects of Ti6A14V powder oxidation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Gowtham Soundarapandiyan
, Chu Lun Alex Leung
, Carol Johnston
, Bo Chen
, Raja H.U. Khan
, Phil McNutt
, Alisha Bhatt
, Robert C. Atwood
, Peter D. Lee
, Michael Fitzpatrick

College of Engineering, Environment & Science

University College London
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Diamond Light Source
National Structural Integrity Research Centre
The Welding Institute (TWI)
University of Leicester

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

53 Citations (Scopus)

233 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Making laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process sustainable requires effective powder recycling. Recycling of Ti6A14V powder in L-PBF can lead to powder oxidation, however, such impact on laser-matter interactions, process, and defect dynamics during L-PBF are not well understood. This study reveals and quantifies the effects of processing Ti6A14V powders with low (0.12wt%) and high (0.40wt%) oxygen content during multilayer thin-wall L-PBF using in situ high speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Our results reveal that high oxygen content Ti6A14V powder can reduce melt ejections, surface roughness, and defect population in the built parts. With increasing oxygen content in the part, there is an increase in microhardness due to solid solution strengthening and no significant change in the microstructure is evident.

Original language	English
Article number	104049
Number of pages	12
Journal	International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture
Volume	190
Early online date	19 Jun 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104049
Publication status	Published - Aug 2023

Bibliographical note

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funder

This research was made possible by the sponsorship and support of the Lloyd's Register Foundation, a charitable organisation that helps to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research. The authors acknowledge the XCT facility and analysis at the Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), funded through the UK-EPSRC MAPP: Future Manufacturing Hub (EP/P006566/1), Manufacturing by Design (EP/W003333/1), and Made Smarter Innovation - Materials Made Smarter Research Centre (EP/V061798/1); Data-driven, Reliable, and Effective Additive Manufacturing using multi-BEAM technologies (EP/W037483/1) and other grants (EP/R511638/1, EP/I02249X/1 and EP/M009688/1)), and a Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technology (CiET1819/10).

Funding

This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 52175463 , National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. U20A20294 , the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities No. 2020kfyXJJS066 , and National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 52188102 .

Funders	Funder number
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council	EP/R043973/1
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities	2020kfyXJJS066, 52188102
National Natural Science Foundation of China	U20A20294, 52175463

Keywords

Additive manufacturing
Ti6A14V
Laser powder bed fusion
Powder recycling
Powder oxidation
Process monitoring

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Mechanical Engineering
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Access to Document

10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104049Licence: CC BY

PublishedFinal published version, 10.1 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Soundarapandiyan, G., Leung, C. L. A., Johnston, C., Chen, B., Khan, R. H. U., McNutt, P., Bhatt, A., Atwood, R. C., Lee, P. D., & Fitzpatrick, M. (2023). In situ monitoring the effects of Ti6A14V powder oxidation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 190, Article 104049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104049

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abstract = "Making laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process sustainable requires effective powder recycling. Recycling of Ti6A14V powder in L-PBF can lead to powder oxidation, however, such impact on laser-matter interactions, process, and defect dynamics during L-PBF are not well understood. This study reveals and quantifies the effects of processing Ti6A14V powders with low (0.12wt\%) and high (0.40wt\%) oxygen content during multilayer thin-wall L-PBF using in situ high speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Our results reveal that high oxygen content Ti6A14V powder can reduce melt ejections, surface roughness, and defect population in the built parts. With increasing oxygen content in the part, there is an increase in microhardness due to solid solution strengthening and no significant change in the microstructure is evident.",

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author = "Gowtham Soundarapandiyan and Leung, \{Chu Lun Alex\} and Carol Johnston and Bo Chen and Khan, \{Raja H.U.\} and Phil McNutt and Alisha Bhatt and Atwood, \{Robert C.\} and Lee, \{Peter D.\} and Michael Fitzpatrick",

note = "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2023.104049",

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AU - Soundarapandiyan, Gowtham

AU - Leung, Chu Lun Alex

AU - Johnston, Carol

AU - Chen, Bo

AU - Khan, Raja H.U.

AU - McNutt, Phil

AU - Bhatt, Alisha

AU - Atwood, Robert C.

AU - Lee, Peter D.

AU - Fitzpatrick, Michael

N1 - This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PY - 2023/8

Y1 - 2023/8

N2 - Making laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process sustainable requires effective powder recycling. Recycling of Ti6A14V powder in L-PBF can lead to powder oxidation, however, such impact on laser-matter interactions, process, and defect dynamics during L-PBF are not well understood. This study reveals and quantifies the effects of processing Ti6A14V powders with low (0.12wt%) and high (0.40wt%) oxygen content during multilayer thin-wall L-PBF using in situ high speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Our results reveal that high oxygen content Ti6A14V powder can reduce melt ejections, surface roughness, and defect population in the built parts. With increasing oxygen content in the part, there is an increase in microhardness due to solid solution strengthening and no significant change in the microstructure is evident.

AB - Making laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process sustainable requires effective powder recycling. Recycling of Ti6A14V powder in L-PBF can lead to powder oxidation, however, such impact on laser-matter interactions, process, and defect dynamics during L-PBF are not well understood. This study reveals and quantifies the effects of processing Ti6A14V powders with low (0.12wt%) and high (0.40wt%) oxygen content during multilayer thin-wall L-PBF using in situ high speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. Our results reveal that high oxygen content Ti6A14V powder can reduce melt ejections, surface roughness, and defect population in the built parts. With increasing oxygen content in the part, there is an increase in microhardness due to solid solution strengthening and no significant change in the microstructure is evident.

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M3 - Article

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In situ monitoring the effects of Ti6A14V powder oxidation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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