In Situ and Operando Monitoring Techniques for Carbon- and Silicon-Based Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Mingjie Wang; Siqing Chen; Yue Guo; Hengshan Mao; Gaoce Han; Yu Ding; Yuxin Fan; Yifei Yu

doi:10.3390/c12010016

In Situ and Operando Monitoring Techniques for Carbon- and Silicon-Based Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Mingjie Wang
, Siqing Chen
, Yue Guo
, Hengshan Mao
, Gaoce Han
, Yu Ding
, Yuxin Fan
, Yifei Yu

Centre for E-Mobility and Clean Growth

Huazhong University of Science and Technology
POWERCHINA
Hubei Nord Copper Foil New Materials Co.
Tongji University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) power devices from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid storage, yet their reliable operation requires real-time monitoring of battery state, particularly at the anode where complex reactions and structural changes occur. Sensor technologies capable of capturing dynamic physical and chemical signals have therefore gained increasing attention for probing internal battery processes. This review summarizes recent operando and in situ monitoring strategies for carbon-based and silicon-based anodes, highlighting advances in electrical, optical, and acoustic sensing. These methods reveal degradation mechanisms and morphological evolution in real time. Multimodal sensing strategies that integrate multiple signals for improved battery state estimation are also discussed. Finally, future directions are outlined, focusing on real-time anode monitoring and the integration of sensing technologies with next-generation battery designs. This review aims to guide the development of smart battery sensing for artificial-intelligence-assisted and multimodal sensing, providing solutions for battery management system that enable accurate synchronous detection of mechanical, thermal, and electrical signals.

Original language	English
Number of pages	29
Journal	C-Journal of Carbon Research
Volume	12
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/c12010016
Publication status	Published - 8 Feb 2026

Bibliographical note

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB2406004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52394170, 52394174, 62505100), the Energy Revolution S&T Program of Yulin Innovation Institute of Clean Energy (Grant No. E411070316), Hubei Provincial International Cooperation Project (Grant No. 2024EHA044), the Core Technology Breakthrough Project of PowerChina Co., Ltd. (Grant No. DJ-HXGG-2024-04), and Xiaomi Young Talent Program. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Funders	Funder number
Xiaomi Young Talent Program
Yulin Innovation Institute of Clean Energy	E411070316
National Key Research and Development Program of China	2023YFB2406004
Hubei Provincial International Cooperation Project	2024EHA044
National Natural Science Foundation of China	52394170, 52394174, 62505100
POWERCHINA	DJ-HXGG-2024-04

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

lithium-ion battery
carbon-based anode
silicon-based anode
in situ
operando
battery monitoring
multimodal sensing
smart sensing

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10.3390/c12010016Licence: CC BY

carbon-12-00016Final published version, 8.24 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "In Situ and Operando Monitoring Techniques for Carbon- and Silicon-Based Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review",

abstract = "Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) power devices from portable electronics to electric vehicles and grid storage, yet their reliable operation requires real-time monitoring of battery state, particularly at the anode where complex reactions and structural changes occur. Sensor technologies capable of capturing dynamic physical and chemical signals have therefore gained increasing attention for probing internal battery processes. This review summarizes recent operando and in situ monitoring strategies for carbon-based and silicon-based anodes, highlighting advances in electrical, optical, and acoustic sensing. These methods reveal degradation mechanisms and morphological evolution in real time. Multimodal sensing strategies that integrate multiple signals for improved battery state estimation are also discussed. Finally, future directions are outlined, focusing on real-time anode monitoring and the integration of sensing technologies with next-generation battery designs. This review aims to guide the development of smart battery sensing for artificial-intelligence-assisted and multimodal sensing, providing solutions for battery management system that enable accurate synchronous detection of mechanical, thermal, and electrical signals.",

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In Situ and Operando Monitoring Techniques for Carbon- and Silicon-Based Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

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