Improved energy supply for non-road electric vehicles by occasional charging station location modelling

Electric mobility has significantly changed perspectives in the mobility sector. Major challenges require the efficient design of systems energy consumption and supply, so that developments focus on battery related improvements such as charging infrastructure integration, recharge process optimisation, battery technology and cost reductions. The concept of occasional recharging is to provide additional usable battery energy to the system without additional disturbance of processes, while using existing process sequences and process interruptions in optimised infrastructure allocations. Existing models for charging infrastructure allocation to target at maximal demand coverage being determined by vehicles' range demand. Electric supply system integration for occasional battery charging showed the necessity to change the existing demand coverage definition, so that material handling process characteristics include potentials for system adaptions and increased efficiency as alternative demand to be covered. This innovative approach changes the perspective on demand coverage to present a potential within existing processes instead of an additional effort and addresses the shortcomings and recommendations of existing research approaches for an endogenous covering distance, more detailed and precise energy consumption values and the integration of real process information. Case study investigations showed increased Usable Battery Energy of +40% to +60% and the allocation improvement based on the innovative framework.