Impact of exhaust gas fuel reforming and exhaust gas recirculation on particulate matter morphology in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

M. Bogarra; Jose Martin Herreros; A. Tsolakis; A. P. E. York; P. J. Millington; F. J. Martos

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001

Impact of exhaust gas fuel reforming and exhaust gas recirculation on particulate matter morphology in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

M. Bogarra, Jose Martin Herreros, A. Tsolakis, A. P. E. York, P. J. Millington, F. J. Martos

School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

29 Citations (Scopus)

74 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines offer increased power output, improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions. However, the increased particulate matter (PM) emission level still remains a challenging task. Understanding PM features such as morphological and microstructural parameters through transmission electron microscopy can provide information about their formation, filtration and soot oxidation processes in the gasoline particulate filters and their impact on human health. This research article characterises PM emitted from a 2 L 4-cylinder GDI engine at two injection timings: (i) ECU settings which produces PM with high volatile content and (ii) advanced injection timing to increase soot formation rate. Primary particle size distributions formed by volatile nature PM, present a higher standard deviation than for the sooty PM, while the former ones presented higher fractal dimension. In addition, five different methods of estimating PM fractal dimension reported in the GDI literature have also been compared and it was concluded that the arising trends were in agreement. The effect of high percentages of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and reformate gas combustion on PM characteristics have been analysed. EGR does not have a significant effect in PM morphology. On the other hand, reformate combustion reduces the size of the primary particle and the agglomerates as well as increasing the fractal dimension.

Publisher statement: NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Aerosol Science. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Aerosol Science, [103 (2016)] DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001

© 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-14
Journal	Journal of Aerosol Science
Volume	103
Early online date	6 Oct 2016
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001
Publication status	Published - Jan 2017

Bibliographical note

Due to publisher policy, the full text is not available on the repository until the 6th of October 2018.

Keywords

Particulate matter
Fuel reforming
Soot morphology
Gasoline Direct Injection
Transmission electron microscope

Access to Document

10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001

Post-printAccepted author manuscript, 987 KBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/impact-of-exhaust-gas-fuel-reforming-and-exhaust-gas-recirculation-on-particulate-matter-morphology-in-gasoline-direct-injection-engine(7720376f-ec6b-4b28-85ee-47087f6d4856).htmlLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

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@article{313733b2a75c4addbd0bead94872820b,

title = "Impact of exhaust gas fuel reforming and exhaust gas recirculation on particulate matter morphology in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine",

abstract = "Modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines offer increased power output, improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions. However, the increased particulate matter (PM) emission level still remains a challenging task. Understanding PM features such as morphological and microstructural parameters through transmission electron microscopy can provide information about their formation, filtration and soot oxidation processes in the gasoline particulate filters and their impact on human health. This research article characterises PM emitted from a 2 L 4-cylinder GDI engine at two injection timings: (i) ECU settings which produces PM with high volatile content and (ii) advanced injection timing to increase soot formation rate. Primary particle size distributions formed by volatile nature PM, present a higher standard deviation than for the sooty PM, while the former ones presented higher fractal dimension. In addition, five different methods of estimating PM fractal dimension reported in the GDI literature have also been compared and it was concluded that the arising trends were in agreement. The effect of high percentages of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and reformate gas combustion on PM characteristics have been analysed. EGR does not have a significant effect in PM morphology. On the other hand, reformate combustion reduces the size of the primary particle and the agglomerates as well as increasing the fractal dimension.Publisher statement: NOTICE: this is the author{\textquoteright}s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Aerosol Science. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Aerosol Science, [103 (2016)] DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001{\textcopyright} 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",

keywords = "Particulate matter, Fuel reforming, Soot morphology, Gasoline Direct Injection, Transmission electron microscope",

author = "M. Bogarra and Herreros, {Jose Martin} and A. Tsolakis and York, {A. P. E.} and Millington, {P. J.} and Martos, {F. J.}",

note = "Due to publisher policy, the full text is not available on the repository until the 6th of October 2018.",

year = "2017",

month = jan,

doi = "10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001",

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journal = "Journal of Aerosol Science",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Impact of exhaust gas fuel reforming and exhaust gas recirculation on particulate matter morphology in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

AU - Bogarra, M.

AU - Herreros, Jose Martin

AU - Tsolakis, A.

AU - York, A. P. E.

AU - Millington, P. J.

AU - Martos, F. J.

N1 - Due to publisher policy, the full text is not available on the repository until the 6th of October 2018.

PY - 2017/1

Y1 - 2017/1

N2 - Modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines offer increased power output, improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions. However, the increased particulate matter (PM) emission level still remains a challenging task. Understanding PM features such as morphological and microstructural parameters through transmission electron microscopy can provide information about their formation, filtration and soot oxidation processes in the gasoline particulate filters and their impact on human health. This research article characterises PM emitted from a 2 L 4-cylinder GDI engine at two injection timings: (i) ECU settings which produces PM with high volatile content and (ii) advanced injection timing to increase soot formation rate. Primary particle size distributions formed by volatile nature PM, present a higher standard deviation than for the sooty PM, while the former ones presented higher fractal dimension. In addition, five different methods of estimating PM fractal dimension reported in the GDI literature have also been compared and it was concluded that the arising trends were in agreement. The effect of high percentages of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and reformate gas combustion on PM characteristics have been analysed. EGR does not have a significant effect in PM morphology. On the other hand, reformate combustion reduces the size of the primary particle and the agglomerates as well as increasing the fractal dimension.Publisher statement: NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Aerosol Science. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Aerosol Science, [103 (2016)] DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001© 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

AB - Modern Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines offer increased power output, improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions. However, the increased particulate matter (PM) emission level still remains a challenging task. Understanding PM features such as morphological and microstructural parameters through transmission electron microscopy can provide information about their formation, filtration and soot oxidation processes in the gasoline particulate filters and their impact on human health. This research article characterises PM emitted from a 2 L 4-cylinder GDI engine at two injection timings: (i) ECU settings which produces PM with high volatile content and (ii) advanced injection timing to increase soot formation rate. Primary particle size distributions formed by volatile nature PM, present a higher standard deviation than for the sooty PM, while the former ones presented higher fractal dimension. In addition, five different methods of estimating PM fractal dimension reported in the GDI literature have also been compared and it was concluded that the arising trends were in agreement. The effect of high percentages of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and reformate gas combustion on PM characteristics have been analysed. EGR does not have a significant effect in PM morphology. On the other hand, reformate combustion reduces the size of the primary particle and the agglomerates as well as increasing the fractal dimension.Publisher statement: NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Aerosol Science. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Aerosol Science, [103 (2016)] DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001© 2016, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

KW - Particulate matter

KW - Fuel reforming

KW - Soot morphology

KW - Gasoline Direct Injection

KW - Transmission electron microscope

U2 - 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001

DO - 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.001

M3 - Article

VL - 103

SP - 1

EP - 14

JO - Journal of Aerosol Science

JF - Journal of Aerosol Science

SN - 0021-8502

ER -