Image-based view-angle independent cardiorespiratory motion gating for x-ray-guided interventional electrophysiology procedures

Cardiorespiratory phase determination has numerous applications during cardiac imaging. We propose a novel view-angle independent prospective cardiorespiratory motion gating technique for X-ray fluoroscopy images that are used to guide cardiac electrophysiology procedures. The method is based on learning coronary sinus catheter motion using principal component analysis and then applying the derived motion model to unseen images taken at arbitrary projections. We validated our technique on 7 sequential biplane sequences in normal and very low dose scenarios and on 5 rotational sequences in normal dose. For the normal dose images we established average systole, end-inspiration and end-expiration gating success rates of 100 %, 97.4 % and 95.2 %, respectively. For very low dose applications, the method was tested on images with added noise. Average gating success rates were 93.4%.