GNSS Vulnerabilities and Existing Solutions: A Review of the Literature

Jasmine Zidan; E. I. Adegoke; Stewart Birrell; Col R. Ford; Matthew D. Higgins

doi:10.1109/access.2020.2973759

GNSS Vulnerabilities and Existing Solutions: A Review of the Literature

Jasmine Zidan, E. I. Adegoke, Stewart Birrell, Col R. Ford, Matthew D. Higgins

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Abstract

This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	153960-153976
Number of pages	17
Journal	IEEE Access
Volume	9
Early online date	13 Feb 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2973759
Publication status	Published - 2021

Bibliographical note

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Keywords

GNSS
GNSS vulnerabilities
GNSS robustness
Positioning
Navigation
Timing

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Cite this

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title = "GNSS Vulnerabilities and Existing Solutions: A Review of the Literature",

abstract = "This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.",

keywords = "GNSS, GNSS vulnerabilities, GNSS robustness, Positioning, Navigation, Timing",

author = "Jasmine Zidan and Adegoke, {E. I.} and Stewart Birrell and Ford, {Col R.} and Higgins, {Matthew D.}",

note = "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.",

year = "2021",

doi = "10.1109/access.2020.2973759",

language = "English",

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AU - Adegoke, E. I.

AU - Birrell, Stewart

AU - Ford, Col R.

AU - Higgins, Matthew D.

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AB - This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.

KW - GNSS

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KW - Positioning

KW - Navigation

KW - Timing

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JO - IEEE Access

JF - IEEE Access

ER -

GNSS Vulnerabilities and Existing Solutions: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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