Environmental change and livelihood strategies: the case of Lake Chad

The sudden expansion of Lake Chad in late 1999 had negative consequences for certain lakeshore populations. However, this event had relatively recent precedents. The context of high rainfall variability in the Chad Basin, and the resulting continuous changes in the level of the Lake throughout history and prehistory, are used here to illustrate the non-equilibrium condition. Such environmental change is in turn shown to engender adaptive livelihood strategies in the region, including multiple incomes (from fishing, farming, trade and other activities) and mobility, both seasonal and in relation to longer-term patterns of settlement. These local strategies are contrasted with larger governmental and multilateral projects, which have failed in the past due to a lack of appreciation of the non-equilibrium setting. This article describes Lake Chad's recent recession and transgression using satellite imagery, relates them to past changes, and discusses how people cope in such an environment.