Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium

Karan Derekar; Adrian Addison; Sameehan Joshi; Xiang Zhang; Jonathan Lawrence; Lei Xu; Geoff Melton; David Griffiths

doi:10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2

Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium

Karan Derekar, Adrian Addison, Sameehan Joshi, Xiang Zhang, Jonathan Lawrence, Lei Xu, Geoff Melton, David Griffiths

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

98 Citations (Scopus)

439 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Aluminium is one of the most experimented metals in the WAAM field owing to a wide range of applications in the automotive sector. Due to concerns over reduction of strength, elimination of porosity from wire arc additive manufactured aluminium is one of the major challenges. In line with this, the current investigation presents findings on hydrogen dissolution in solid aluminium and hydrogen consumed to form porosity along with its distribution as a function of heat inputs and interlayer temperatures in a WAAM 5183 aluminium alloy. Two varieties of WAAM, pulsed metal inert gas (MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) were explored. Samples made with pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed MIG) process picked up more hydrogen compared to samples produced by cold metal transfer technique. Correspondingly, pulsed MIG samples showed increased number of pores and volume fraction of porosity than samples manufactured using the cold metal transfer (CMT) technique for different heat input and interlayer temperature conditions. However, CMT samples exhibited higher amount of dissolved hydrogen in solid solution compared to pulsed MIG process. In addition, heat input, interlayer temperature and interlayer dwell time also played a key role in pore formation and distribution in WAAM produced aluminium 5183 alloy.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	311-331
Number of pages	21
Journal	The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Volume	107
Issue number	1-2
Early online date	15 Feb 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2
Publication status	Published - Mar 2020

Bibliographical note

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2

Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.

Funder

Lloyd’s Register foundation (Grant Number KD022017COV), Coventry University (Grant Number 7477993) and Kraken project, a Horizon 2020 project (Grant Number 723759) funded by European Commission.

Funding

Lloyd\u2019s Register Foundation helps to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research. The present work was enabled through, and undertaken at, the National Structural Integrity Research Centre (NSIRC), a postgraduate engineering facility for industry-led research into structural integrity establishment and managed by TWI through a network of both national and international Universities. The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Alan Clarke, Georgios Liaptsis and Rohit Kshirsagar. This publication was made possible by the sponsorship and support of Lloyd\u2019s Register foundation (Grant Number KD022017COV), Coventry University (Grant Number 7477993) and Kraken project, a Horizon 2020 project (Grant Number 723759) funded by European Commission. Acknowledgements

Funders	Funder number
The Welding Institute (TWI)
European Commission
National Structural Integrity Research Centre
Horizon Europe
Horizon Europe	723759
Horizon Europe
Lloyd’s Register Foundation	KD022017COV
Lloyd’s Register Foundation
Coventry University	7477993

Keywords

Aluminium
Cold metal transfer (CMT)
Hydrogen dissolution
Interlayer temperature
Porosity
Pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG)
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Control and Systems Engineering
Software
Mechanical Engineering
Computer Science Applications
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Access to Document

10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2

Post-PrintAccepted author manuscript, 1.89 MBLicence: Unspecified

Cite this

Derekar, K., Addison, A., Joshi, S., Zhang, X., Lawrence, J., Xu, L., Melton, G., & Griffiths, D. (2020). Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 107(1-2), 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2

Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium. / Derekar, Karan; Addison, Adrian; Joshi, Sameehan et al.
In: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 107, No. 1-2, 03.2020, p. 311-331.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Derekar, K, Addison, A, Joshi, S, Zhang, X, Lawrence, J, Xu, L, Melton, G & Griffiths, D 2020, 'Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium', The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 107, no. 1-2, pp. 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2

Derekar K, Addison A, Joshi S, Zhang X, Lawrence J, Xu L et al. Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020 Mar;107(1-2):311-331. Epub 2020 Feb 15. doi: 10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2

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Effect of pulsed metal inert gas (pulsed-MIG) and cold metal transfer (CMT) techniques on hydrogen dissolution in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminium

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funder

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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