Developments in ultrasound-Non-medical

Ultrasound is defined as sound of a frequency that is too high for the human ear to detect-i.e. it is inaudible. Nevertheless this "silent sound" has a large range of applications in science, medicine and industry. The study of the effects of ultrasound on materials-known as sonochemistry-is one of the broadest and most exciting areas in current research. In this review some recent developments with major potential are identified from the fields environmental protection and materials processing. Environmental protection can refer to methods of preventing pollution or to the removal of existing pollution. Here we will look at examples drawn from the latter in which ultrasound has been used for the purification of water (chemical and biological), the decontamination of the atmosphere and soil remediation i.e. the classic three domains of water, air and land. In terms of materials processing two examples have been chosen, the treatment of sewage sludge and the control of crystallisation. In both of these cases it is predominantly the mechanical effects of acoustic cavitation, which produce the enhanced digestion, and dewatering of sludge and provide for the control in crystallisation processes.