Continuous and Flash Glucose Monitoring in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review

Prince Amoh; David Broom; Ioannis Kyrou; Samuel Nartey; Anna Paul; Dale Esliger; Maxine Whelan

doi:10.1177/19322968251315497

Continuous and Flash Glucose Monitoring in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review

Prince Amoh
, David Broom
, Ioannis Kyrou
, Samuel Nartey
, Anna Paul
, Dale Esliger
, Maxine Whelan

University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust
University of Warwick
Aston University
University of Derby
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Loughborough University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

22 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and flash glucose monitoring (FGM) are widely used in diabetes management and increasingly being considered for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature published to date on CGM and FGM use in adults at risk of T2DM.

METHODS: A systematic search of four databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library) was conducted, covering studies from 1985 to 2024. Eligible studies used CGM or FGM in interventional settings targeting adults at risk of T2DM. Rayyan software facilitated article screening, and the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice tool assessed study quality.

RESULTS: From 13 644 articles, 12 studies were included, reporting on 1144 participants (353 at-risk, mean age 47 ± 12.8 years) across eight countries. Ten studies employed FGM, focusing on health-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, or both). Significant improvements in glucose control and anthropometrics were reported in 75% and 50% of the studies, respectively, along with reductions in glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. Seven studies used qualitative methods, with recurrent themes including perceived benefits and motivators for behavior change and acceptability and feasibility of device use. Three studies were rated as "high" level and scored a "B" for evidence quality, while the remaining studies were lower for both level and evidence quality.

CONCLUSIONS: Existing published studies deploying glucose monitoring technologies show promise in supporting interventions aimed at preventing T2DM in at-risk adults. Further robust studies are required to confirm the long-term acceptability and efficacy of these technologies.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1409-1423
Number of pages	15
Journal	Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
Volume	20
Issue number	4
Early online date	17 Feb 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968251315497
Publication status	Published - Jul 2026

Bibliographical note

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: No funding was acquired to deliver this scoping review. Prince Amoh is funded by a Coventry University PhD studentship and this scoping review forms part of his PhD.

Funders
Coventry University

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Keywords

continuous glucose monitoring
diabetes prevention
dietary and exercise interventions
flash glucose monitoring
glucose control
health-related behaviors
insulin resistance
obesity
type 2 diabetes mellitus

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Internal Medicine
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Bioengineering
Biomedical Engineering

Access to Document

10.1177/19322968251315497Licence: CC BY

Amoh2025VORFinal published version, 1.33 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{d9fb0472c9b445778a5b6258ad29b7ac,

title = "Continuous and Flash Glucose Monitoring in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and flash glucose monitoring (FGM) are widely used in diabetes management and increasingly being considered for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature published to date on CGM and FGM use in adults at risk of T2DM.METHODS: A systematic search of four databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library) was conducted, covering studies from 1985 to 2024. Eligible studies used CGM or FGM in interventional settings targeting adults at risk of T2DM. Rayyan software facilitated article screening, and the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice tool assessed study quality.RESULTS: From 13 644 articles, 12 studies were included, reporting on 1144 participants (353 at-risk, mean age 47 ± 12.8 years) across eight countries. Ten studies employed FGM, focusing on health-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, or both). Significant improvements in glucose control and anthropometrics were reported in 75\% and 50\% of the studies, respectively, along with reductions in glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. Seven studies used qualitative methods, with recurrent themes including perceived benefits and motivators for behavior change and acceptability and feasibility of device use. Three studies were rated as {"}high{"} level and scored a {"}B{"} for evidence quality, while the remaining studies were lower for both level and evidence quality.CONCLUSIONS: Existing published studies deploying glucose monitoring technologies show promise in supporting interventions aimed at preventing T2DM in at-risk adults. Further robust studies are required to confirm the long-term acceptability and efficacy of these technologies.",

keywords = "continuous glucose monitoring, diabetes prevention, dietary and exercise interventions, flash glucose monitoring, glucose control, health-related behaviors, insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus",

author = "Prince Amoh and David Broom and Ioannis Kyrou and Samuel Nartey and Anna Paul and Dale Esliger and Maxine Whelan",

note = "This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited",

year = "2026",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1177/19322968251315497",

language = "English",

volume = "20",

pages = "1409--1423",

journal = "Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology",

issn = "1932-2968",

publisher = "SAGE Publications",

number = "4",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Continuous and Flash Glucose Monitoring in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

T2 - A Scoping Review

AU - Amoh, Prince

AU - Broom, David

AU - Kyrou, Ioannis

AU - Nartey, Samuel

AU - Paul, Anna

AU - Esliger, Dale

AU - Whelan, Maxine

N1 - This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

PY - 2026/7

Y1 - 2026/7

N2 - BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and flash glucose monitoring (FGM) are widely used in diabetes management and increasingly being considered for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature published to date on CGM and FGM use in adults at risk of T2DM.METHODS: A systematic search of four databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library) was conducted, covering studies from 1985 to 2024. Eligible studies used CGM or FGM in interventional settings targeting adults at risk of T2DM. Rayyan software facilitated article screening, and the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice tool assessed study quality.RESULTS: From 13 644 articles, 12 studies were included, reporting on 1144 participants (353 at-risk, mean age 47 ± 12.8 years) across eight countries. Ten studies employed FGM, focusing on health-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, or both). Significant improvements in glucose control and anthropometrics were reported in 75% and 50% of the studies, respectively, along with reductions in glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. Seven studies used qualitative methods, with recurrent themes including perceived benefits and motivators for behavior change and acceptability and feasibility of device use. Three studies were rated as "high" level and scored a "B" for evidence quality, while the remaining studies were lower for both level and evidence quality.CONCLUSIONS: Existing published studies deploying glucose monitoring technologies show promise in supporting interventions aimed at preventing T2DM in at-risk adults. Further robust studies are required to confirm the long-term acceptability and efficacy of these technologies.

AB - BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and flash glucose monitoring (FGM) are widely used in diabetes management and increasingly being considered for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature published to date on CGM and FGM use in adults at risk of T2DM.METHODS: A systematic search of four databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library) was conducted, covering studies from 1985 to 2024. Eligible studies used CGM or FGM in interventional settings targeting adults at risk of T2DM. Rayyan software facilitated article screening, and the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice tool assessed study quality.RESULTS: From 13 644 articles, 12 studies were included, reporting on 1144 participants (353 at-risk, mean age 47 ± 12.8 years) across eight countries. Ten studies employed FGM, focusing on health-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, or both). Significant improvements in glucose control and anthropometrics were reported in 75% and 50% of the studies, respectively, along with reductions in glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. Seven studies used qualitative methods, with recurrent themes including perceived benefits and motivators for behavior change and acceptability and feasibility of device use. Three studies were rated as "high" level and scored a "B" for evidence quality, while the remaining studies were lower for both level and evidence quality.CONCLUSIONS: Existing published studies deploying glucose monitoring technologies show promise in supporting interventions aimed at preventing T2DM in at-risk adults. Further robust studies are required to confirm the long-term acceptability and efficacy of these technologies.

KW - continuous glucose monitoring

KW - diabetes prevention

KW - dietary and exercise interventions

KW - flash glucose monitoring

KW - glucose control

KW - health-related behaviors

KW - insulin resistance

KW - obesity

KW - type 2 diabetes mellitus

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219553923

U2 - 10.1177/19322968251315497

DO - 10.1177/19322968251315497

M3 - Review article

C2 - 39960213

SN - 1932-2968

VL - 20

SP - 1409

EP - 1423

JO - Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

JF - Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

IS - 4

ER -

Continuous and Flash Glucose Monitoring in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this