Connections between Non-Rotating, Slowly Rotating, and Rapidly Rotating Turbulent Convection Transport Scalings

In this paper, we investigate and develop scaling laws as a function of external nondimensional control parameters for heat and momentum transport for nonrotating, slowly rotating, and rapidly rotating turbulent convection systems, with the end goal of forging connections and bridging the various gaps between these regimes. Two perspectives are considered, one where turbulent convection is viewed from the standpoint of an applied temperature drop across the domain and the other with a viewpoint in terms of an applied heat flux. While a straightforward transformation exists between the two perspectives, indicating equivalence, it is found the former provides a clear set of connections that bridge between the three regimes. Our generic convection scalings, based upon an inertial-Archimedean balance, produce the classic diffusion-free scalings for the nonrotating limit and the slowly rotating limit. This is characterized by a free-falling fluid parcel on the global scale possessing a thermal anomaly on par with the temperature drop across the domain. In the rapidly rotating limit, the generic convection scalings are based on a Coriolis-inertial-Archimedean (CIA) balance, along with a local fluctuating-mean advective temperature balance. This produces a scenario in which anisotropic fluid parcels attain a thermal wind velocity and where the thermal anomalies are greatly attenuated compared to the total temperature drop. We find that turbulent scalings may be deduced simply by consideration of the generic nondimensional transport parameters - local Reynolds Reℓ=Uℓ/ν; local Péclet Peℓ=Uℓ/κ; and Nusselt number Nu=Uϑ/(κΔT/H) - through the selection of physically relevant estimates for length ℓ, velocity U, and temperature scales ϑ in each regime. Emergent from the scaling analyses is a unified continuum based on a single external control parameter, the convective Rossby number, RoC=gαΔT/4ω2H, that strikingly appears in each regime by consideration of the local, convection-scale Rossby number Roℓ=U/(2ωℓ). Thus we show that RoC scales with the local Rossby number Roℓ in both the slowly rotating and the rapidly rotating regimes, explaining the ubiquity of RoC in rotating convection studies. We show in non-, slowly, and rapidly rotating systems that the convective heat transport, parametrized via Peℓ, scales with the total heat transport parameterized via the Nusselt number Nu. Within the rapidly rotating limit, momentum transport arguments generate a scaling for the system-scale Rossby number, RoH, that, recast in terms of the total heat flux through the system, is shown to be synonymous with the classical flux-based CIA scaling, RoCIA. These, in turn, are then shown to asymptote to RoH∼RoCIA∼RoC2, demonstrating that these momentum transport scalings are identical in the limit of rapidly rotating turbulent heat transfer.