Concentration Levels, Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of PAHs, n-Alkanes, Hopanes and Steranes in Deposited Dust of Mashhad, Iran, and Potential Health Risk Assessment

Faezeh Mahdad; Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari; Mazaher Moeinaddini; Susanne Charlesworth; Nima Emrani

doi:10.1007/s40710-022-00591-x

Concentration Levels, Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of PAHs, n-Alkanes, Hopanes and Steranes in Deposited Dust of Mashhad, Iran, and Potential Health Risk Assessment

Faezeh Mahdad
, Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
, Mazaher Moeinaddini
, Susanne Charlesworth
, Nima Emrani

Tarbiat Modares University
University of Tehran
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

255 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

This study investigated the carcinogenic contamination level of deposited dust (DD) on the roof near heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), which can greatly affect the indoor air quality. Forty samples of roof DD were collected, and organic compounds (16 PAH compounds, 20 n-alkane homologs, 8 hopanes, and 6 steranes) were extracted using Soxhlet and analyzed by GC-MS. Source identification of organic compounds was conducted by ring classification, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis (PCA) was done. The results showed that the average ± SD of total PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes in DD were 1356.00 ± 291.45 µg.kg^{− 1}, 3211.65 ± 969.18 µg.g^{− 1}, 146.37 ± 79.45 µg.g^{− 1} and 469.76 ± 188.25 µg.g^{− 1}, respectively. Also, the highest concentration of organic compounds was measured in the city center, where traffic congestion is expected. Diagnostic ratios of n-alkanes results revealed the vehicular emission as dominant source. On the other hand, PCA indicated vehicular and biogenic emission as the primary sources. Sterane and hopane profiles also confirm these results. Moreover, PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated petroleum combustion as the primary source and PCA showed that vehicular emissions, and natural gas and wood combustion were the main factors. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs was calculated as 8.45 × 10^{− 12} for children and 9.80 × 10^{− 7} for adults, and the imposed risk is considered negligible. Based on the results, diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for a significant proportion of the hydrocarbon pollution in Mashhad.

Original language	English
Article number	40
Number of pages	22
Journal	Environmental Processes
Volume	9
Early online date	30 Jun 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00591-x
Publication status	Published - 1 Sept 2022

Bibliographical note

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00591-x

Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.

This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

Funder

This investigation was supported by the Academy of Environment Science, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran, Iran.

Funding

This investigation was supported by the Academy of Environment Science, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran, Iran.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
SDG 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

Keywords

Deposited dust
Health Risk Assessment
Molecular markers
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Source identification

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Environmental Engineering
Water Science and Technology
Pollution
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Access to Document

10.1007/s40710-022-00591-x

Post-PrintAccepted author manuscript, 1.91 MB

Cite this

Concentration Levels, Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of PAHs, n-Alkanes, Hopanes and Steranes in Deposited Dust of Mashhad, Iran, and Potential Health Risk Assessment. / Mahdad, Faezeh; Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi; Moeinaddini, Mazaher et al.
In: Environmental Processes, Vol. 9, 40, 01.09.2022.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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title = "Concentration Levels, Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of PAHs, n-Alkanes, Hopanes and Steranes in Deposited Dust of Mashhad, Iran, and Potential Health Risk Assessment",

abstract = "This study investigated the carcinogenic contamination level of deposited dust (DD) on the roof near heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), which can greatly affect the indoor air quality. Forty samples of roof DD were collected, and organic compounds (16 PAH compounds, 20 n-alkane homologs, 8 hopanes, and 6 steranes) were extracted using Soxhlet and analyzed by GC-MS. Source identification of organic compounds was conducted by ring classification, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis (PCA) was done. The results showed that the average ± SD of total PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes in DD were 1356.00 ± 291.45 µg.kg− 1, 3211.65 ± 969.18 µg.g− 1, 146.37 ± 79.45 µg.g− 1 and 469.76 ± 188.25 µg.g− 1, respectively. Also, the highest concentration of organic compounds was measured in the city center, where traffic congestion is expected. Diagnostic ratios of n-alkanes results revealed the vehicular emission as dominant source. On the other hand, PCA indicated vehicular and biogenic emission as the primary sources. Sterane and hopane profiles also confirm these results. Moreover, PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated petroleum combustion as the primary source and PCA showed that vehicular emissions, and natural gas and wood combustion were the main factors. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs was calculated as 8.45 × 10− 12 for children and 9.80 × 10− 7 for adults, and the imposed risk is considered negligible. Based on the results, diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for a significant proportion of the hydrocarbon pollution in Mashhad.",

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note = "The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00591-x Copyright {\textcopyright} and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author{\textquoteright}s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it. ",

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AU - Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi

AU - Moeinaddini, Mazaher

AU - Charlesworth, Susanne

AU - Emrani, Nima

N1 - The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00591-x Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it.

PY - 2022/9/1

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N2 - This study investigated the carcinogenic contamination level of deposited dust (DD) on the roof near heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), which can greatly affect the indoor air quality. Forty samples of roof DD were collected, and organic compounds (16 PAH compounds, 20 n-alkane homologs, 8 hopanes, and 6 steranes) were extracted using Soxhlet and analyzed by GC-MS. Source identification of organic compounds was conducted by ring classification, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis (PCA) was done. The results showed that the average ± SD of total PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes and steranes in DD were 1356.00 ± 291.45 µg.kg− 1, 3211.65 ± 969.18 µg.g− 1, 146.37 ± 79.45 µg.g− 1 and 469.76 ± 188.25 µg.g− 1, respectively. Also, the highest concentration of organic compounds was measured in the city center, where traffic congestion is expected. Diagnostic ratios of n-alkanes results revealed the vehicular emission as dominant source. On the other hand, PCA indicated vehicular and biogenic emission as the primary sources. Sterane and hopane profiles also confirm these results. Moreover, PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated petroleum combustion as the primary source and PCA showed that vehicular emissions, and natural gas and wood combustion were the main factors. The incremental lifetime cancer risk of PAHs was calculated as 8.45 × 10− 12 for children and 9.80 × 10− 7 for adults, and the imposed risk is considered negligible. Based on the results, diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles are responsible for a significant proportion of the hydrocarbon pollution in Mashhad.

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KW - Health Risk Assessment

KW - Molecular markers

KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

KW - Source identification

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ER -

Concentration Levels, Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of PAHs, n-Alkanes, Hopanes and Steranes in Deposited Dust of Mashhad, Iran, and Potential Health Risk Assessment

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funder

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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