Abstract
Objective: Based on different physiological mechanisms, the respiratory modulations of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals differ in strength and resultant accuracy of respiratory frequency (RF) estimations. We aimed to investigate the strength of different respiratory modulations and the accuracy of resultant RF estimations in different body sites and two breathing patterns. Approach: PPG and reference respiratory signals were simultaneously measured over 60 s from 36 healthy subjects in six sites (arm, earlobe, finger, forehead, wrist-under (volar side), wrist-upper (dorsal side)). Respiratory signals were extracted from PPG recordings using four demodulation approaches: amplitude modulation (AM), baseline wandering (BW), frequency modulation (FM) and filtering. RFs were calculated from the PPG-derived and reference respiratory signals. To investigate the strength of respiratory modulations, the energy proportion in the range that covers 75% of the total energy in the reference respiratory signal, with RF in the middle, was calculated and compared between different modulations. Analysis of variance and the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test were performed with post hoc analysis. Main results: In normal breathing, FM was the only modulation whose RF was not significantly different from the reference RF (p > 0.05). Compared with other modulations, FM was significantly higher in energy proportion (p < 0.05) and lower in RF estimation error (p < 0.05). As to energy proportion, measurements from the finger and the forehead were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but both were significantly different from the other four sites (p < 0.05). In deep breathing, the RFs derived by BW, filtering and FM were not significantly different from the reference RF (p > 0.05). The RF estimation error of FM was significantly less than that of AM or BW (p < 0.05). The energy proportion of FM was significantly higher than that of other modulations (p < 0.05). Significance: Of all the respiratory modulations, FM has the highest strength and is appropriate for accurate RF estimation from PPG signals recorded at different sites and for different breathing patterns.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 094001 |
Number of pages | 15 |
Journal | Physiological Measurement |
Volume | 41 |
Issue number | 9 |
Early online date | 30 Jul 2020 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Oct 2020 |
Bibliographical note
Open Access. Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work mustmaintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Funder
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61828104), the Basic Research Foundation of Shenzhen (Grant No. JCYJ20160509162237418), and the Newton Funds Industry Academia Partnership Programme (Grant No. IAPP1R2/100204).Keywords
- Photoplethysmography (PPG)
- Respiratory frequency
- Respiratory modulation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biophysics
- Physiology
- Biomedical Engineering
- Physiology (medical)