Cold Ageing of NMC811 Lithium-ion Batteries

Chongming Wang; Tazdin Amietszajew; Ruth Carvajal; Yue Guo; Zahoor Ahmed; Cheng Zhang; Gregory Goodlet; Rohit Bhagat

doi:10.3390/en14164724

Cold Ageing of NMC811 Lithium-ion Batteries

Chongming Wang
, Tazdin Amietszajew
, Ruth Carvajal
, Yue Guo
, Zahoor Ahmed
, Cheng Zhang
, Gregory Goodlet
, Rohit Bhagat

Johnson Matthey

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

635 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

In the application of electric vehicles, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)-a Ni-rich cathode has the potential of replacing LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC111) due to its high energy density. However, NMC811 features relatively poor structural and thermal stabilities, which affect its cycle life. This study aims to address the limited data availability research gap on NMC811 low-temperature degradation. We aged commercial 21700 NMC811 cells at 0 °C under 0.5 C and 1 C current rates. After 200 cycles, post-mortem visual, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the inspections of harvested electrodes were conducted. In just 200 cold cycles, capacity drops of 25% and 49% were observed in cells aged at 1 C and 0.5 C, respectively. The fast degradation at low temperatures is largely due to lithium plating at the anode side during the charging process. The surprisingly better performance at 1 C is related to enhanced cell self-heating. After subsequent 3-month storage, the cells that experienced 200 cycles at 0 °C and 0.5 C became faulty (voltage: ≈ 0 V), possibly due to cell lithium dendrites and micro short circuits. This work demonstrates that NMC811 suffers from poor cold ageing performance and subsequent premature end-of-life.

Original language	English
Article number	4724
Number of pages	15
Journal	Energies
Volume	14
Issue number	16
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164724
Publication status	Published - 4 Aug 2021

Bibliographical note

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funding

This research was funded by the Innovate UK (https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=104176 (accessed on 1 August 2021) under the project \u2018CALIBRE\u2014Custom Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling (Grant Reference Number: 104176)\u2019, and the EPSRC project TRENDS (Grant Reference Number: EP/R020973/1). and 49% (0.5 C). The standard end-of-life\u25E6 state of 80% remaining capacity was after less than 100 cycles for cells cycled at 0 C and 0.5 C. The reason behind the more reached after less than 100 cycles for cells cycled at 0 \u00B0C and 0.5 C. The reason behind the more significantcapacitylossduring 0.5 C cycling is due to the reduced cell self-heaAtifntegr. 200 cyclings at 0 \u25E6C, the ohmic resistance increased from 25.1 to 37.4 m\u2126 and 2. Cel2l8.i6mmpe\u2126dfaonrccee lilnsccryecalseedsadtu0r.5inagndco1ldCc,yrecslipnegct,iveseplye.ciInacllryeafsoerd ciemllpsecdyacnlecde fautr0th.5erC. Af-ter 200 cyclings at0 \u00B0C,the ohmic resistance increasedfrom25.1to37.4 m\u03A9and 28.6 m\u03A9for cells cycled at0.5 and 1 C,respectively. Increased impedance further limits accessible cethe cell ages,ll capwhichacity. reflects the damage to the active material and its structure. 4. Cells that experienced cold ageing showed a noticeable negative impact on the anode, 3.The differentialcapacitypeakcurvesfallsignificantly,andthe peakpositionshiftas where active material became rigid and readily delaminated. Active material delami- the cellages, which reflects the damage to the active materialand its structure. significant anode cracking, leading to active materials and lithium inventory loss, and ode, where active material became rigid and readily delaminated. Active material deltahme ainnoadtieo.nOinslymmorineoorbcvraecrksse iantctahtheoidnenpear rptiacrlet sowf ethreeojbersreyr vreodll.. SEM inspection con-firmedsignificantanodecracking,leading toactivematerials andlithiuminventory Aultohsosr, Caonndt raibnutiionncsr:eCaosen cienp tutahliez antieogn,aCti.vWe. ;edlaetcatcruordateio rne,Rs.iCst.aanndceG..GL.i;tfhoriummal apnlaaltyisnis,gC w.Wa.,s also observed on the anode. Only minor cracks in cathode particles wereobserved. Y.G. and R.B.; writing\u2014original draft, C.W.; writing\u2014review & editing, T.A., R.C., Y.G., Z.A., C.Z. and R.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.W.; data curation, R.C. and G.G.; formal analysis, C.WFu.,n Td.iAng.,: RT.hCis.raensdea Crc.hZw.; afusnfudnidnegd abcyquthiesiItnionno,vaRt.eBU.;Km(ehthttopds:/o/loggtry.u,kTr.iA.o.r,g R/.pCro.,j eYc.tGs?.r, eZf=.A10. 4a1n7d6 G.G.; resources, Y.G.and R.B.; writing\u2014original draft, C.W.; writing\u2014review & editing,T.A., R.C., Y.G., Z.A., C.Z.andR.B.All authors haveread and agreed tothepublishedversion of themanuscript. Number: EP/R020973/1). Funding: This research was funded by the Innovate UK (https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=104176 (accessed on 1 August 2021) under the project \u2018CALIBRE\u2014Custom Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery RecIyncfloinrmg e(GdrCanont sReenfterSetnacteem enNt:uNmobtearp: p10li4c1a7b6le)\u2019., an d the EPSRC project TRENDS (Grant Reference Number: EP/R020973/1). Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable. InstitutionalConflicts ofRInterest:eview Board Statement:The authors declare noNot applicableconflict of inter. est. The funders had no role in the design

Funders	Funder number
UK Research and Innovation
Innovate UK	104176
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council	EP/R020973/1

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

lithium-ion battery
NMC811
ageing
cold cycling
Lithium-ion battery
Ageing
Cold cycling

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Control and Optimization
Energy (miscellaneous)
Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Fuel Technology
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment

Access to Document

10.3390/en14164724Licence: CC BY

PublishedFinal published version, 2.46 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Cold Ageing of NMC811 Lithium-ion Batteries",

abstract = "In the application of electric vehicles, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)-a Ni-rich cathode has the potential of replacing LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC111) due to its high energy density. However, NMC811 features relatively poor structural and thermal stabilities, which affect its cycle life. This study aims to address the limited data availability research gap on NMC811 low-temperature degradation. We aged commercial 21700 NMC811 cells at 0 °C under 0.5 C and 1 C current rates. After 200 cycles, post-mortem visual, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the inspections of harvested electrodes were conducted. In just 200 cold cycles, capacity drops of 25\% and 49\% were observed in cells aged at 1 C and 0.5 C, respectively. The fast degradation at low temperatures is largely due to lithium plating at the anode side during the charging process. The surprisingly better performance at 1 C is related to enhanced cell self-heating. After subsequent 3-month storage, the cells that experienced 200 cycles at 0 °C and 0.5 C became faulty (voltage: ≈ 0 V), possibly due to cell lithium dendrites and micro short circuits. This work demonstrates that NMC811 suffers from poor cold ageing performance and subsequent premature end-of-life.",

keywords = "lithium-ion battery, NMC811, ageing, cold cycling, Lithium-ion battery, Ageing, Cold cycling",

author = "Chongming Wang and Tazdin Amietszajew and Ruth Carvajal and Yue Guo and Zahoor Ahmed and Cheng Zhang and Gregory Goodlet and Rohit Bhagat",

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T1 - Cold Ageing of NMC811 Lithium-ion Batteries

AU - Wang, Chongming

AU - Amietszajew, Tazdin

AU - Carvajal, Ruth

AU - Guo, Yue

AU - Ahmed, Zahoor

AU - Zhang, Cheng

AU - Goodlet, Gregory

AU - Bhagat, Rohit

N1 - This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PY - 2021/8/4

Y1 - 2021/8/4

N2 - In the application of electric vehicles, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)-a Ni-rich cathode has the potential of replacing LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC111) due to its high energy density. However, NMC811 features relatively poor structural and thermal stabilities, which affect its cycle life. This study aims to address the limited data availability research gap on NMC811 low-temperature degradation. We aged commercial 21700 NMC811 cells at 0 °C under 0.5 C and 1 C current rates. After 200 cycles, post-mortem visual, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the inspections of harvested electrodes were conducted. In just 200 cold cycles, capacity drops of 25% and 49% were observed in cells aged at 1 C and 0.5 C, respectively. The fast degradation at low temperatures is largely due to lithium plating at the anode side during the charging process. The surprisingly better performance at 1 C is related to enhanced cell self-heating. After subsequent 3-month storage, the cells that experienced 200 cycles at 0 °C and 0.5 C became faulty (voltage: ≈ 0 V), possibly due to cell lithium dendrites and micro short circuits. This work demonstrates that NMC811 suffers from poor cold ageing performance and subsequent premature end-of-life.

AB - In the application of electric vehicles, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)-a Ni-rich cathode has the potential of replacing LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC111) due to its high energy density. However, NMC811 features relatively poor structural and thermal stabilities, which affect its cycle life. This study aims to address the limited data availability research gap on NMC811 low-temperature degradation. We aged commercial 21700 NMC811 cells at 0 °C under 0.5 C and 1 C current rates. After 200 cycles, post-mortem visual, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, the inspections of harvested electrodes were conducted. In just 200 cold cycles, capacity drops of 25% and 49% were observed in cells aged at 1 C and 0.5 C, respectively. The fast degradation at low temperatures is largely due to lithium plating at the anode side during the charging process. The surprisingly better performance at 1 C is related to enhanced cell self-heating. After subsequent 3-month storage, the cells that experienced 200 cycles at 0 °C and 0.5 C became faulty (voltage: ≈ 0 V), possibly due to cell lithium dendrites and micro short circuits. This work demonstrates that NMC811 suffers from poor cold ageing performance and subsequent premature end-of-life.

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KW - NMC811

KW - ageing

KW - cold cycling

KW - Lithium-ion battery

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IS - 16

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ER -

Cold Ageing of NMC811 Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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