Abstract
Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden.
Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019.
Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles.
Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 420-444 |
| Number of pages | 25 |
| Journal | JAMA Oncology |
| Volume | 8 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| Early online date | 30 Dec 2021 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Mar 2022 |
Bibliographical note
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. © 2021 Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration. JAMA Oncology.Funder
Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. Dr Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management of Kuwait University and the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Dr Bhaskar acknowledges institutional support from the NSW Ministry of Health and NSW Health Pathology. Dr Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Dr Braithwaite acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute. Dr Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant agreement No 848325. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP under the Norma Transitória grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Dr Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Glasbey is supported by a National Institute of Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship. Dr Vivek Kumar Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council Australia. Dr Haque thanks Jazan University, Saudi Arabia for providing access to the Saudi Digital Library for this research study. Drs Herteliu, Pana, and Ausloos are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Dr Hugo received support from the Higher Education Improvement Coordination of the Brazilian Ministry of Education for a sabbatical period at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, between September 2019 and August 2020. Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges funding by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship and National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship. Dr Jakovljevic acknowledges support through grant OI 175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). Dr Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Dr Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Dr Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Dr Loureiro was supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under the Scientific Employment Stimulus–Institutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Dr Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Dr Moosavi appreciates NIGEB's support. Dr Pati acknowledges support from the SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research. Dr Rakovac acknowledges a grant from the government of the Russian Federation in the context of World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office. Dr Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Dr Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Drs Adithi Shetty and Unnikrishnan acknowledge support given by Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Pavanchand H. Shetty acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their research support. Dr Diego Augusto Santos Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq (302028/2018-8). Dr Zhu acknowledges the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grant RP210042.Funding
Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. Dr Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management of Kuwait University and the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Dr Bhaskar acknowledges institutional support from the NSW Ministry of Health and NSW Health Pathology. Dr Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Dr Braithwaite acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute. Dr Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant agreement No 848325. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP under the Norma Transitória grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Dr Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Glasbey is supported by a National Institute of Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship. Dr Vivek Kumar Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council Australia. Dr Haque thanks Jazan University, Saudi Arabia for providing access to the Saudi Digital Library for this research study. Drs Herteliu, Pana, and Ausloos are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Dr Hugo received support from the Higher Education Improvement Coordination of the Brazilian Ministry of Education for a sabbatical period at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, between September 2019 and August 2020. Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges funding by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship and National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship. Dr Jakovljevic acknowledges support through grant OI 175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). Dr Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Dr Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Dr Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Dr Loureiro was supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under the Scientific Employment Stimulus–Institutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Dr Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Dr Moosavi appreciates NIGEB's support. Dr Pati acknowledges support from the SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research. Dr Rakovac acknowledges a grant from the government of the Russian Federation in the context of World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office. Dr Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Dr Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Drs Adithi Shetty and Unnikrishnan acknowledge support given by Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Pavanchand H. Shetty acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their research support. Dr Diego Augusto Santos Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq (302028/2018-8). Dr Zhu acknowledges the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grant RP210042.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | |
| Arthritis Research Canada | |
| Asbestos Diseases Research Institute | |
| Avicenna Medical | |
| Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute | |
| Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM) | |
| Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation | PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084 |
| Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) | |
| Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | |
| Baku State University | |
| University of Baghdad | |
| New Hospitals LTD | |
| University of Gondar | |
| Tulane University | |
| Jagiellonian University Medical College | |
| Kuwait University | |
| Kuwait University | |
| National Taiwan Normal University | |
| Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences | |
| United Arab Emirates University | |
| Peking Union Medical College Hospital | |
| Hamadan University of Medical Sciences | |
| Oslo Metropolitan University | |
| M M Joshi Eye Institute | |
| Medanta Hospital | |
| Hacettepe University | |
| University of Dhaka | |
| Imperial College London | |
| Case Western Reserve University | |
| Fulbright Program | |
| Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation | |
| Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | |
| Universitas Airlangga | |
| Universiti Brunei Darussalam | |
| United Arab Emirates University | |
| Finnish Cancer Foundation | |
| Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university | |
| Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 |
| Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust | |
| HDRUK | |
| Hellenic Cardiology Society | |
| Indonesian Public Health Association | |
| National Research Council | |
| Seoul National University | |
| The Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences | |
| Jagiellonian University Medical College | |
| Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University | |
| Kasturba Medical College | |
| Kasturba Medical College | |
| Kristiania University College | |
| University of Porto | |
| Lerner Research Institute | |
| Manipal Academy of Higher Education | CEECINST/ 00049/2018 |
| University of Sharjah | |
| Medanta Hospital | |
| Human Resources for Health in the Republic of Rwanda | |
| Eastern Virginia Medical School | |
| Ministry of Health | |
| Ministry of Labour and Social Justice | |
| NSW Ministry of Health | |
| National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research | |
| Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust | |
| National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute | |
| NIHR Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre | |
| University of Texas System | |
| Ministry of Health and Population | |
| United Nations Population Fund Peru | |
| Xiamen University, Malaysia | |
| Russian Institute for Advanced Study | |
| SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research | |
| Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain | |
| A.T. Still University | |
| Instituto Politécnico do Porto | |
| Monash University | |
| University of British Columbia | |
| University of Georgia | |
| Xiamen University, Malaysia | |
| Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | |
| Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office | SPHSU17 |
| University North | |
| UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA | |
| University of Environment and Sustainable Development | |
| World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office | |
| Xiamen University, Malaysia | XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004 |
| National Institutes of Health | |
| National Cancer Institute | |
| Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation | |
| American Heart Association | |
| World Health Organization | |
| Illinois Department of Public Health | |
| Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas | RP210042 |
| Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas | |
| Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung | |
| St. Baldrick's Foundation | |
| American Society of Clinical Oncology | |
| United Nations Population Fund | |
| University of Pennsylvania | |
| Jackson State University | |
| Cleveland Clinic | |
| Tulane University | |
| Ohio University | |
| Case Western Reserve University | |
| McGill University | |
| King's College London | |
| Wellcome Trust | |
| American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities | |
| The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston | |
| Eastern Virginia Medical School | |
| University of Washington | |
| University of Washington | |
| Ministry of Health and Population | |
| Medical Research Council | MC_UU_00022/2 |
| Medical Research Council | |
| National Institute for Health and Care Research | |
| Imperial College London | |
| European Commission | |
| European Research Council | SFRH/ BHD/110001/2015, 848325 |
| European Research Council | |
| National Health and Medical Research Council | |
| National Heart Foundation of Australia | OI 175014 |
| National Heart Foundation of Australia | |
| Coventry University | |
| Indian Council of Medical Research | |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | |
| University of Sydney | |
| Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior | |
| Austrian National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development | |
| Cairo University | |
| Seoul National University | |
| Gachon University | |
| Ministero della Salute | |
| Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | 302028/2018-8 |
| Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico | |
| Jordan University of Science and Technology | |
| King Abdulaziz University | |
| Päivikki ja Sakari Sohlbergin Säätiö | |
| National Research Council | |
| UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA | |
| Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia | |
| Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja | SCAF/15/02 |
| Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja | |
| Université catholique de Louvain | |
| University of British Columbia | |
| Hacettepe University | |
| Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation | |
| Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences | |
| United Arab Emirates University | |
| Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö | |
| Baku State University | |
| National Taiwan Normal University | |
| National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology | |
| Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación | |
| Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university | |
| Universitas Airlangga | |
| European Regional Development Fund | |
| NSW Ministry of Health | |
| Russian Government | |
| Novo Nordisk Fonden | NNF16OC0021856 |
| Novo Nordisk Fonden | |
| Tokyo Metropolitan University | |
| Pontifical Catholic University of Chile | |
| Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia | |
| Coventry University | |
| Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society |
