Air and PCM cooling for battery thermal management considering battery cycle life

Fenfang Chen; Rui Huang; Chongming Wang; Xiaoli Yu; Huijun Liu; Qichao Wu; Keyu Qian; Rohit Bhagat

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115154

Air and PCM cooling for battery thermal management considering battery cycle life

Fenfang Chen, Rui Huang, Chongming Wang, Xiaoli Yu, Huijun Liu, Qichao Wu, Keyu Qian, Rohit Bhagat

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Abstract

Cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for the application of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Since temperature greatly affects degradation rate and safety of LIBs, battery thermal management system (BTMS) is required. In this paper, the performance of active air cooling and passive phase change material (PCM) cooling for BTMS are assessed in terms of battery thermal states and cycle life. A coupled one-dimensional electrochemical and two-dimensional thermal models are developed to simulate the temperature of a battery module with 16 cylindrical (26650) graphite-LiFePO₄ lithium-ion battery cells. The model is validated with the experimental data taken from literature. By applying a realistic current profile of a HEV to the battery model, simulations are performed at various ambient temperatures, inlet velocities of air cooling and PCM phase change temperatures. The battery cycle life and its non-uniformity across the module are estimated with a battery degradation model with inputs of battery temperature results. The study shows that active air cooling has a better cooling effect than PCM cooling, especially at high ambient temperatures. But the active air cooling leads to a large temperature non-uniformity at low inlet air velocities. The cycle life of the battery module under air cooling is longer than that of PCM cooling, although a larger life non-uniformity is observed. Furthermore, two methods are compared by a newly proposed evaluation index called cyclical cost. This index considers both the battery cycle life and the parasitic power consumption of the BTMS. The result demonstrates that air cooling has a lower cyclical cost than PCM cooling. When the inlet velocity of the air cooling system increases, the cyclical cost has a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. This paper provides a guide for the development of BTMS to further prolong the cycle life and reduce total operating cost of LIBs.

Original language	English
Article number	115154
Journal	Applied Thermal Engineering
Volume	173
Early online date	3 Mar 2020
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115154
Publication status	Published - 5 Jun 2020

Bibliographical note

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Applied Thermal Engineering. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Applied Thermal Engineering, 173, (2020)
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115154

© 2020, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Funder

Science and Technology Planned Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2018C01057).

Keywords

Air cooling
Cycle life
Lithium-ion battery
PCM cooling
Thermal management

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115154

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Cite this

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title = "Air and PCM cooling for battery thermal management considering battery cycle life",

abstract = "Cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for the application of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Since temperature greatly affects degradation rate and safety of LIBs, battery thermal management system (BTMS) is required. In this paper, the performance of active air cooling and passive phase change material (PCM) cooling for BTMS are assessed in terms of battery thermal states and cycle life. A coupled one-dimensional electrochemical and two-dimensional thermal models are developed to simulate the temperature of a battery module with 16 cylindrical (26650) graphite-LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery cells. The model is validated with the experimental data taken from literature. By applying a realistic current profile of a HEV to the battery model, simulations are performed at various ambient temperatures, inlet velocities of air cooling and PCM phase change temperatures. The battery cycle life and its non-uniformity across the module are estimated with a battery degradation model with inputs of battery temperature results. The study shows that active air cooling has a better cooling effect than PCM cooling, especially at high ambient temperatures. But the active air cooling leads to a large temperature non-uniformity at low inlet air velocities. The cycle life of the battery module under air cooling is longer than that of PCM cooling, although a larger life non-uniformity is observed. Furthermore, two methods are compared by a newly proposed evaluation index called cyclical cost. This index considers both the battery cycle life and the parasitic power consumption of the BTMS. The result demonstrates that air cooling has a lower cyclical cost than PCM cooling. When the inlet velocity of the air cooling system increases, the cyclical cost has a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. This paper provides a guide for the development of BTMS to further prolong the cycle life and reduce total operating cost of LIBs.",

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note = "NOTICE: this is the author{\textquoteright}s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Applied Thermal Engineering. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Applied Thermal Engineering, 173, (2020) DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115154 {\textcopyright} 2020, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ",

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AU - Chen, Fenfang

AU - Huang, Rui

AU - Wang, Chongming

AU - Yu, Xiaoli

AU - Liu, Huijun

AU - Wu, Qichao

AU - Qian, Keyu

AU - Bhagat, Rohit

N1 - NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Applied Thermal Engineering. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Applied Thermal Engineering, 173, (2020) DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115154 © 2020, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

PY - 2020/6/5

Y1 - 2020/6/5

N2 - Cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for the application of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Since temperature greatly affects degradation rate and safety of LIBs, battery thermal management system (BTMS) is required. In this paper, the performance of active air cooling and passive phase change material (PCM) cooling for BTMS are assessed in terms of battery thermal states and cycle life. A coupled one-dimensional electrochemical and two-dimensional thermal models are developed to simulate the temperature of a battery module with 16 cylindrical (26650) graphite-LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery cells. The model is validated with the experimental data taken from literature. By applying a realistic current profile of a HEV to the battery model, simulations are performed at various ambient temperatures, inlet velocities of air cooling and PCM phase change temperatures. The battery cycle life and its non-uniformity across the module are estimated with a battery degradation model with inputs of battery temperature results. The study shows that active air cooling has a better cooling effect than PCM cooling, especially at high ambient temperatures. But the active air cooling leads to a large temperature non-uniformity at low inlet air velocities. The cycle life of the battery module under air cooling is longer than that of PCM cooling, although a larger life non-uniformity is observed. Furthermore, two methods are compared by a newly proposed evaluation index called cyclical cost. This index considers both the battery cycle life and the parasitic power consumption of the BTMS. The result demonstrates that air cooling has a lower cyclical cost than PCM cooling. When the inlet velocity of the air cooling system increases, the cyclical cost has a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. This paper provides a guide for the development of BTMS to further prolong the cycle life and reduce total operating cost of LIBs.

AB - Cycle life of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential for the application of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Since temperature greatly affects degradation rate and safety of LIBs, battery thermal management system (BTMS) is required. In this paper, the performance of active air cooling and passive phase change material (PCM) cooling for BTMS are assessed in terms of battery thermal states and cycle life. A coupled one-dimensional electrochemical and two-dimensional thermal models are developed to simulate the temperature of a battery module with 16 cylindrical (26650) graphite-LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery cells. The model is validated with the experimental data taken from literature. By applying a realistic current profile of a HEV to the battery model, simulations are performed at various ambient temperatures, inlet velocities of air cooling and PCM phase change temperatures. The battery cycle life and its non-uniformity across the module are estimated with a battery degradation model with inputs of battery temperature results. The study shows that active air cooling has a better cooling effect than PCM cooling, especially at high ambient temperatures. But the active air cooling leads to a large temperature non-uniformity at low inlet air velocities. The cycle life of the battery module under air cooling is longer than that of PCM cooling, although a larger life non-uniformity is observed. Furthermore, two methods are compared by a newly proposed evaluation index called cyclical cost. This index considers both the battery cycle life and the parasitic power consumption of the BTMS. The result demonstrates that air cooling has a lower cyclical cost than PCM cooling. When the inlet velocity of the air cooling system increases, the cyclical cost has a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. This paper provides a guide for the development of BTMS to further prolong the cycle life and reduce total operating cost of LIBs.

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Air and PCM cooling for battery thermal management considering battery cycle life

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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