Hybrid threats to Indonesia’s Maritime Security: an assessment of cyber and cyber-physical vulnerabilities in the world’s busiest shipping lanes

STRAITSECURITY investigates policy and legal challenges in the maritime sector posed by the rapid spread of technology and growing threats to
cybersecurity. The project will focus on some of the world’s busiest commercial shipping lanes as case studies (the Straits of Singapore and
Malacca, the Sunda Strait and the Lombok Strait – all of which are partially or wholly within the jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia). These
shipping lanes are of vital importance to European trade to Asia and a blockage would affect all corners of the globe. The rise of autonomous
vehicles, artificial intelligence, robotics and the internet of things raises a number of vulnerabilities and challenges to maritime security. The
anonymous, borderless nature of cyberspace presents unique opportunities for hackers, terrorists and cybercriminals, as well as unprecedented
challenges for policy makers and law enforcers. The burgeoning and ubiquitous reliance on technology, coupled with continued piratical and
terrorist activity in the region, poses a severe security risk to shipping. In recent years, the concept of cyber-terrorism has gained widespread
awareness. This multidisciplinary, original and innovative research aims to significantly advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of the
intersections between physical and cyber threats to the maritime domain, by considering the real possibility of hybrid threats to maritime security,
such as ‘cyber-piracy’ and ‘cyber-terrorism’. It also aims to address a number of conceptual problems that these raise and the respective
implications in maritime security policy for the international community in general and the EU in particular. The research will deploy mixed
qualitative and quantitative research methods and collect primary data by consulting with experts in law, policy, technology, maritime security and
cyber security in the UK and SE Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) to inform its conclusions and recommendations.