Research Centre for Peace and Security

Research output

Research output per year 1991 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2029

• 11001 Citations
• 670 Article
• 328 Chapter
• 123 Commissioned report
• 96 Book
• 443 More
  • 92 Other report
  • 58 Book/Film/Article review
  • 49 Web publication/site
  • 35 Anthology or Edited Book
  • 33 Digital or Visual Media
  • 25 Paper
  • 23 Other contribution
  • 22 Conference proceeding
  • 19 Review article
  • 18 Working paper
  • 12 Editorial
  • 8 Abstract
  • 7 Comment/debate
  • 6 Special issue
  • 6 Preprint
  • 5 Other
  • 5 Poster
  • 4 Entry for encyclopedia/dictionary
  • 4 Foreword/postscript
  • 2 Meeting Abstract
  • 2 Conference article
  • 2 Letter
  • 2 Discussion paper
  • 1 Featured article
  • 1 Doctoral Thesis
  • 1 Master's Thesis
  • 1 PhD by Portfolio/Publication

Research output per year

Research output per year

Search results

• 2025

  Conditional inclusion? Conflicting representations, configurations and encounters in East London

  Monson, T. & Wessendorf, S., 13 Feb 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Ethnic and Racial Studies. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 18 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • London 100%
  • Urban Spaces 33%
  • Social Organisation 33%
  • Service Provider 33%
  • Social Inequality 33%

• Economic Dependencies and Nationalist Divergences: Public vs. Private Sector Employment and Beyond in Corsican Separatist Nationalism

  Imrie-Kuzu, D. & Metinsoy, S., 17 Feb 2025, (Accepted/In press) In: Nations and Nationalism. (In-Press), p. (In-Press)

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Economic Structure 100%
  • Underdeveloped Region 100%
  • Social Benefit 100%

• Getting Central and Eastern Europe Right? How Greater Academic Pluralism Would Improve Collective Knowledge-Building in Democratization Studies

  Dawson, J., Herman, L. E. & Ananda, A., 14 Jan 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Problems of Post-Communism. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 15 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Democratization 100%
  • Collective Knowledge 100%
  • Pluralism 100%
  • Central and Eastern Europe 100%
  • Political Science 33%
  7 Downloads (Pure)

• Graffiti as Method: Spatio-temporal Analysis of Political Perception and Community Relations in Belfast

  Lepp, E., O'Driscoll, D., Vogel, B. & Morecroft-Rice, D., 14 Jan 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Belfast 100%
  • Social Issues 50%
  14 Downloads (Pure)

• Interplay Among Recent Trends in Climate Extremes, Vegetation Phenology, and Crop Production in Southern Mediterranean Region.

  Mirgol, B., Dieppois, B., Northey, J. A., Jarlan, L., Khabba, S., Le Page, M., Eden, J., Ekolu, J., El Hazdour, I. & Mahé, G., 17 Jan 2025, (Accepted/In press) In: International Journal of Climatology. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 22 p., e8768.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Crop Production 100%
  • Vegetation 100%
  • Mediterranean Region 100%
  • Climate 100%
  • Phenology 100%

• Moralities colliding in crisis: the moral orientations of organisational habitus

  Bayfield, I., 1 Feb 2025, In: L'Uomo Società tradizione sviluppo. 14, 1, p. 17-40 24 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Habitus 100%
  • Individuals Motivation 100%
  • Group Member 25%
  4 Downloads (Pure)

• Moral Subjects in White Spaces: Impossible Solidarities

  Emejulu, A. & Bassel, L., 26 Jan 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Sociology. (In-Press), p. (In-Press)

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Emotional Expression 100%
  2 Downloads (Pure)

• Navigating racist encounters in the workplace: experiences of young people in Birmingham, Melbourne and Toronto

  Hussain, S., Mansouri, F. & Beaman, L., 7 Feb 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Ethnic and Racial Studies. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 18 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Occupational Career 100%
  • Stereotypes 100%
  3 Downloads (Pure)

• Women and Peace-Building: A Case Study of the Guji-Gedio Conflict in Southern Ethiopia

  Mohammed, A., Barrett, H. & Afesha, N., 27 Jan 2025, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Violence Against Women. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Ethiopia 100%
  • Qualitative Research 50%
  • Access to Education 50%
  • Focus Group 50%
  • Research Approach 50%

• “Your Lord has not forsaken you”: Interrogating Socio-Political and Theological Reasons for the lack of Adopters and Foster Carers from Muslim backgrounds in Britain

  Cheruvallil-Contractor, S., Halford, A., Anand, K. & Boti Phiri, M. J., 4 Feb 2025, (Accepted/In press) In: Contemporary Islam: Dynamics of Muslim Life. (In-Press), p. (In-Press)

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Carers 100%
  • Social Work Policy 50%
  • Sociocultural 16%
  • Muslim community 16%
  • religious texts 16%
• 2024

  (Re)appraising the role of civil society in the IGAD-led peace process for South Sudan

  Magara, I. & Rivers, M., 1 Aug 2024, In: African Journal on Conflict Resolution. 24, 1, p. 7-28 22 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Civil Society 100%
  • Authority 100%
  • Peace Process 100%
  • Economic and Social Development 100%
  • South Sudan 100%
  13 Downloads (Pure)

• A climate of optimism? EU policy-making, political science and the democratization of Central and Eastern Europe (2000–2015)

  Herman, L. E., Dawson, J. & Ananda, A., Jun 2024, In: Comparative European Politics. 22, 3, p. 329-351 23 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • EU Policy 100%
  • Democratization 100%
  • Optimism 100%
  • Climate 100%
  • Policy Making 100%
  51 Downloads (Pure)

• A Critical Review of Bangladesh's Child Labor Regulations and Policies

  Hoque, M. M., Dec 2024, In: World Development Sustainability. 5, 11 p., 100177.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Policy 100%
  • Legislation 100%
  • Bangladesh 100%
  • Government 62%
  • Program 50%
  2 Citations (Scopus)

  150 Downloads (Pure)

• AI and Ethics: Moving towards a future where AI benefits - rather than destroys - humanity

  Fenton, A. J. & Monnett, D., 4 Mar 2024, In: Jurnal Signal. 11, 2, p. 224-242 19 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Ethics of Artificial Intelligence 100%
  • Vested Interest 100%
  • Legislation 90%
  • Technology 90%
  • Social Systems 30%
  88 Downloads (Pure)

• A Methodological innovation to inform antiracism and whiteness together – early reflections on juxtaposing narratives

  Sandhu, K. & Raven, S., 29 Nov 2024, (Submitted) In: Sociology. 28 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Narrative 100%
  • Mindset 100%

• A slow-burning crisis: Executive relations and the normalisation of distrust in Northern Ireland's ‘cash for ash’ fiasco

  Rice, C., Connaughton, B., Ratcliffe, J. & Somerville, I., Jun 2024, In: International Review of Administrative Sciences. 90, 2, p. 437-453 17 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Understanding 100%
  • Executive 100%
  • Government 100%
  • Normalization 100%
  • UK 100%
  98 Downloads (Pure)

• Authoritarianism, Popular Resistance and Regime Change in Zambia

  McLoughlin, S., Aug 2024, In: International Criminal Law Review. 24, 4, p. 438-461 24 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Change 100%
  • Totalitarianism 100%
  • Democracy 75%
  • Politics 25%
  • Political Opposition 25%
  19 Downloads (Pure)

• British Muslims and the census: the need for statistical visibility vis-a-vis government surveillance concerns

  Hussain, S., 24 Jul 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Religion, State and Society. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 16 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Surveillance 100%
  • Government 100%
  • Moslems 100%
  • Population Censuses 100%
  • Trust 100%
  52 Downloads (Pure)

• Building bridges or holy huddles? Student religious organizations in British universities

  Aune, K., Perfect, S. & Ryan, B., 27 Jun 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 14 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • holy 100%
  • Religious Organization 100%
  • British universities 100%
  • Bridges 100%
  • Organizations 100%
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  333 Downloads (Pure)

• Catholic Women as Subjects of Debate: Thinking through a Gendered Religio-Racialised Location in Flanders

  Huygens, E. & van den Brandt, N., 23 May 2024, In: Religion and Gender. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 23 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Religion 100%
  • Catholic Women 100%
  • Gender 100%
  • Secular 100%
  • Flanders 100%
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  6 Downloads (Pure)

• Checkpoints, competing ‘sovereignties’, and everyday life in Iraq

  O'Driscoll, D., Ali, O. O. & Armia, R., Nov 2024, In: Political Geography. 115, 11 p., 103220.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Sovereignty 100%
  • Space 100%
  • Everyday Life 100%
  • Life 100%
  • Theft 33%
  28 Downloads (Pure)

• Climate change and peacebuilding: sub-themes of an emerging research agenda

  Krampe, F., O'Driscoll, D., Johnson, M., Simangan, D., Hegazi, F. & de Coning, C., 1 May 2024, In: International Affairs. 100, 3, p. 1111-1130 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Research 100%
  • Climate Change 100%
  • Peacebuilding 100%
  • Conflict 30%
  • Effort 20%
  5 Citations (Scopus)

  54 Downloads (Pure)

• Compulsory voting, economic conditions and turnout: explaining the outcome of constitutional referendums

  Gherghina, S. & Qvortrup, M., 12 Jan 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: West European Politics. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 19 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Economic Condition 100%
  • Referendum 100%
  • Elections 100%
  • Macroeconomic Performance 100%
  • Support 25%
  2 Citations (Scopus)

  65 Downloads (Pure)

• Conflict Mitigation versus Governance: The Case of Consociation in Iraq

  O'Driscoll, D. & Costantini, I., 2 Jan 2024, In: Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 30, 1, p. 65-84 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Need Development 100%
  4 Citations (Scopus)

  144 Downloads (Pure)

• Cultural liberalism in Eastern and Western Europe: a societal antidote to democratic backsliding?

  Ananda, A. & Dawson, J., 3 Mar 2024, In: Journal of European Public Policy. 31, 3, p. 801-824 24 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Democracy 100%
  • Liberalism 75%
  • Western Europe 50%
  • Europe 50%
  • Measure 50%
  3 Citations (Scopus)

  158 Downloads (Pure)

• Demographic Change and Social Cohesion In Post-Islamic State Iraq

  Ali, O., Ameen, N. & Bröckerhoff, A., 24 Nov 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Middle East Policy. (In-Press), p. (In-Press)

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Demographic Change 100%
  • Social Integration 100%
  • Islamic State 100%
  • Communities 50%
  • Research 33%
  15 Downloads (Pure)

• Enhancing Women's Leadership and Agency in the Context of University Spinouts and Businesses

  Hacsek, Z., 13 Nov 2024, In: Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance. 20, 1, p. 723-726 4 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Women 100%
  • Leadership 100%
  • Internal Barrier 50%
  • Academia 33%
  • Maps 33%
  8 Downloads (Pure)

• Examining the relationship between metacognitive trust in thinking styles and supernatural beliefs

  van Mulukom, V., Baimel, A., Maraldi, E. & Farias, M., Apr 2024, In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 65, 2, p. 206-222 17 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Trust 100%
  • Thinking Style 100%
  • Research 28%
  • Analytical Thinking 28%
  • Abilities 28%
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  66 Downloads (Pure)

• External arms embargoes and their implications for government expenditure, democracy and internal conflict

  Dizaji, S. F. & Murshed, S. M., 1 Jan 2024, In: World Development. 173, 17 p., 106410.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Democracy 100%
  • Government 100%
  • Conflict 100%
  • Embargo 100%
  • Expenditure 100%
  2 Citations (Scopus)

  53 Downloads (Pure)

• Frame, Fame and Fear Traps: The Dialectic of Counter-Terrorism Strategic Communication

  Rice, C., Innes, M. & Ratcliffe, J., 11 Jun 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 21 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Analysis 100%
  • Fear 100%
  • Logic 100%
  • Strategic Communication 100%
  • Information Theory 66%
  28 Downloads (Pure)

• Future changes in agrometeorological extremes in the southern Mediterranean region: When and where will they affect croplands and wheatlands?

  Mirgol, B., Dieppois, B., Northey, J., Eden, J., Jarlan, L., Khabba, S., Le Page, M. & Mahé, G., 15 Nov 2024, In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 358, 19 p., 110232.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Farmland 100%
  • Mediterranean Region 100%
  • Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 50%
  • Mitigation 50%
  • Food Security 50%
  2 Citations (Scopus)

  8 Downloads (Pure)

• Gendered and Embodied Un/learning among Women Disengaging from Faith in the UK and Finland

  Van Den Brandt, N. & Rantala, T., 30 Apr 2024, In: Approaching Religion. 14, 2, p. 224-239 16 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Women 100%
  • UK 100%
  • Finland 100%
  • Process 28%
  • Research 14%
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  14 Downloads (Pure)

• Ghostly Militanz: the Loss of Discursive Infrastructures and German Antifascist Radical Counterpublics

  Jones, A. & Schuhmacher, N., 15 Mar 2024, In: Partecipazione e Conflitto. 17, 1, p. 46-63 18 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Counter-publics 100%
  • Discursive 100%
  • German 100%
  • Infrastructure 100%
  • Case Study 100%
  3 Citations (Scopus)

  28 Downloads (Pure)

• Girls just wanna have fun! South Asian women in the UK diaspora: Gradations of choice, agency, consent and coercion

  Sandhu, K. K. & Barrett, H., Jan 2024, In: Women's Studies International Forum. 102, 10 p., 102859.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Women 100%
  • Girls 100%
  • Diaspora 100%
  • Marriage 100%
  • Coercion 100%
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  111 Downloads (Pure)

• How do beliefs in free will and determinism correlate with beliefs in conspiracy, paranormal, and pseudoscience beliefs?

  Alper, S., Konukoglu, K., Atalay, E. D., Duzgun, A. & Yilmaz, O., 1 Oct 2024, In: Personality and Individual Differences. 229, 10 p., 112765.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Free Will 100%
  • Personal Agency 100%
  • Preregistered 33%

• Identity categories and colonial legacies in the British urban space

  Hussain, S., 5 Jul 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Social Identities. 30, 3, p. 190-208 19 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Urban Spaces 100%
  • Category 100%
  • Identity 100%
  • Marginalization 50%
  • Inclusion 50%
  36 Downloads (Pure)

• Interpersonal and individual effects of an app-based Christian and Islamic heart meditation intervention in healthy adults: protocol of a stratified randomised controlled trial

  Ng, C. F., Farias, M. & Brazil, I., 20 Sept 2024, (Accepted/In press) In: BMC psychology. 12, 15 p., 509.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Meditation 100%
  • Mental Health 20%
  • Mindfulness 20%
  • Attention 20%
  • Forgiveness 20%
  11 Downloads (Pure)

• In the Discomfort Zone: Emotional Labour and Reflexivity in Field Research on Extremism

  Geelhoed, F., Busher, J., Massé, L. & De Pelecijn, L., 7 Jul 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. (In-Press), p. (In-Press) 22 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Extremism 100%
  • Understanding 100%
  • Field Work 100%
  • Design Research 100%
  • Practical Issue 100%
  33 Downloads (Pure)

• Introduction to the Special Section on Extremists in the Courtroom

  Monaghan, R. & Slocombe, B., 16 Dec 2024, In: Perspectives on Terrorism. XVIII, 4, p. 136-138 3 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Legal Procedure 100%
  • Sentencing 100%
  • Decision-Making Process 100%
  • Terrorism 100%
  • Evidence-Based 50%

• Japanese Business Leadership: Business for Peace in Practice

  Katayanagi, M. & Kroeger, F., 2 Jul 2024, In: Asian Studies Review. 48, 3, p. 597-616 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • Leadership 100%
  • Japanese 100%
  • Peace 100%
  • Enterprises 100%
  • Change 22%

• Learning to protect? Identifying elicitive approaches in Protection of Civilians training for UN peacekeepers

  Curran, D., 2024, In: Civil Wars. 26, 1, p. 160-186 27 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • United Nation Organization 100%
  • Training 100%
  • Learner 50%
  • Skills 50%
  • Program 50%
  1 Citation (Scopus)

  35 Downloads (Pure)

• Living at work: migrant worker dormitories in Malaysia

  Jones, K., Ghimire, A. & Khor, Y., 10 May 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Work in the Global Economy. 4, 1, p. 89-108 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Employers 100%
  • Migrant Workers 100%
  • Malaysia 100%
  • Work 100%
  • Migrants 85%
  67 Downloads (Pure)

• Nature-based Solutions for sustainable flood management in East Africa

  Lokidor, L., Taka, M., Lashford, C. & Charlesworth, S., Mar 2024, In: Journal of Flood Risk Management. 17, 1, 14 p., e12954.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Flood 100%
  • Management 100%
  • Eastern Africa 100%
  • Africa 50%
  • Investigation 50%
  4 Citations (Scopus)

  264 Downloads (Pure)

• Occupying Space in the Kirkuk Bazaar: An intersectional analysis

  O'Driscoll, D. & Bourhrous, A., 2 Jan 2024, In: Peacebuilding. 12, 1, p. 45-64 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Social Systems 100%
  • Gender 100%
  • Space 100%
  • Identity 100%
  • Analysis 66%
  2 Citations (Scopus)

  76 Downloads (Pure)

• Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

  Fenton, A. J., 19 Mar 2024, In: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 12, 3, 26 p., 510.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Transport 100%
  • Cyberphysical Attack 100%
  • Experts 50%
  • Training 50%
  • State 50%
  5 Citations (Scopus)

  111 Downloads (Pure)

• Profiles of resilient psychosocial function during three isolated ski expeditions in the High Arctic

  Smith, N., Bostock, L., Barrett, E. C., Sandal, G. M., Jones, M. V. & Wuebker, R., Jun 2024, In: Stress and Health. 40, 3, 14 p., e3331.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Research 100%
  • Resources 100%
  • Resilience 100%
  • Physical Health 100%
  • Research Design 100%
  47 Downloads (Pure)

• Promoting sustainable cities through creating social empathy between new urban populations and planners

  Szaboova, L., Adger, W. N., Safra de Campos, R., Siddiqui, T., Alam Bhuiyan, M. R., Billah, T. & Rocky, M. H., 30 Nov 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: npj Urban Sustainability. 4, 1, 9 p., 52.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Empathy 100%
  • Planning Process 66%
  • Focus Group 33%
  • Social Exclusion 33%
  8 Downloads (Pure)

• Protecting Major Sporting Events from Terrorism: Considerations for the Paris Olympics and Beyond

  Rodde, A., McIlhatton, D., Cuddihy, J. & Monaghan, R., 29 Jun 2024, CTC Sentinel, 17, 6, p. 25-30 6 p.

  Research output: Contribution to specialist publication › Article

  • Safety Measures 100%
  • Paris 100%
  • Public Space 66%
  • Service Industries 66%
  • Olympic Games 66%

• Rethinking encounter through parochial meaning-making on the urban margins in South Africa

  Monson, T., Jun 2024, In: Migration Studies. 12, 2, mnad019.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  • South Africa 100%
  • Meaning 100%
  • Tolerance 40%
  • Interviews 20%
  • Difference 20%

• Sense-sational acting: Intuition in actors is supported by interoceptive, exteroceptive, and immersive abilities

  van Mulukom, V., 8 Feb 2024, (E-pub ahead of print) In: Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. p. (In-Press) 20 p.

  Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

  Open Access

  File

  • Psychology 100%
  • Individual Differences 100%
  • Abilities 100%
  • Attention 50%
  • Cognitive Process 50%
  118 Downloads (Pure)